HIV opportunistic infection cryptosporidiosis: prevention and treatment guidelines: Difference between revisions
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Cryptosporidiosis is caused by Cryptosporidium species, a group of protozoan parasites that infect the small bowel mucosa, and in immunosuppressed persons, the large bowel and extraintestinal sites. Those at greatest risk for disease are patients with advanced immunosuppression (i.e., CD4+ T lymphocyte counts generally <100 cells/µL)<ref name="pmid1348918">{{cite journal |author=Flanigan T, Whalen C, Turner J, Soave R, Toerner J, Havlir D, Kotler D |title=Cryptosporidium infection and CD4 counts |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=116 |issue=10 |pages=840–2 |year=1992 |month=May |pmid=1348918 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> The three most common species infecting humans are C. hominis (formerly C. parvum genotype 1 or human genotype), C. parvum (formerly C. parvum genotype 2 or bovine genotype), and C. meleagridis. In addition, infections with C. canis, C. felis, C. muris, and Cryptosporidium pig genotype have been reported in immunocompromised patients. Preliminary analyses indicate that some zoonotic species might have a stronger association with chronic diarrhea than C. hominis. However, whether the different Cryptosporidium species are associated with differences in severity of disease or response to therapy is unknown. | Cryptosporidiosis is caused by Cryptosporidium species, a group of protozoan parasites that infect the small bowel mucosa, and in immunosuppressed persons, the large bowel and extraintestinal sites. Those at greatest risk for disease are patients with advanced immunosuppression (i.e., CD4+ T lymphocyte counts generally <100 cells/µL)<ref name="pmid1348918">{{cite journal |author=Flanigan T, Whalen C, Turner J, Soave R, Toerner J, Havlir D, Kotler D |title=Cryptosporidium infection and CD4 counts |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=116 |issue=10 |pages=840–2 |year=1992 |month=May |pmid=1348918 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> The three most common species infecting humans are C. hominis (formerly C. parvum genotype 1 or human genotype), C. parvum (formerly C. parvum genotype 2 or bovine genotype), and C. meleagridis. In addition, infections with C. canis, C. felis, C. muris, and Cryptosporidium pig genotype have been reported in immunocompromised patients. Preliminary analyses indicate that some zoonotic species might have a stronger association with chronic diarrhea than C. hominis. However, whether the different Cryptosporidium species are associated with differences in severity of disease or response to therapy is unknown. | ||
==Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents== | ==Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents== | ||
Outline of the Guideline: | |||
*[[HIV opportunistic infection cryptosporidiosis: prevention and treatment guidelines #Preventing Exposure|Preventing Exposure]] | |||
*[[HIV opportunistic infection cryptosporidiosis: prevention and treatment guidelines #Preventing Disease|Preventing Disease]] | |||
**[[HIV opportunistic infection cryptosporidiosis: prevention and treatment guidelines #Initiating Primary Prophylaxis|Initiating Primary Prophylaxis]] | |||
**[[HIV opportunistic infection cryptosporidiosis: prevention and treatment guidelines #Discontinuing Primary Prophylaxis|Discontinuing Primary Prophylaxis]] | |||
*[[HIV opportunistic infection cryptosporidiosis: prevention and treatment guidelines #Treatment of Disease|Treatment of Disease]] | |||
*[[HIV opportunistic infection cryptosporidiosis: prevention and treatment guidelines #Monitoring and Adverse Events, Including Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)|Monitoring and Adverse Events]] | |||
*[[HIV opportunistic infection cryptosporidiosis: prevention and treatment guidelines #Management of Treatment Failure|Management of Treatment Failure]] | |||
*[[HIV opportunistic infection cryptosporidiosis: prevention and treatment guidelines #Preventing Recurrence|Preventing Recurrence]] | |||
*[[HIV opportunistic infection cryptosporidiosis: prevention and treatment guidelines #Discontinuing Secondary Prophylaxis (Chronic Maintenance Therapy)|Discontinuing Secondary Prophylaxis (Chronic Maintenance Therapy)]] | |||
*[[HIV opportunistic infection cryptosporidiosis: prevention and treatment guidelines #Special Considerations During Pregnancy|Special Considerations During Pregnancy]] | |||
==Reference== | ==Reference== | ||
Revision as of 17:30, 19 April 2012
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:, Ujjwal Rastogi, MBBS [2]
Overview
Cryptosporidiosis is caused by Cryptosporidium species, a group of protozoan parasites that infect the small bowel mucosa, and in immunosuppressed persons, the large bowel and extraintestinal sites. Those at greatest risk for disease are patients with advanced immunosuppression (i.e., CD4+ T lymphocyte counts generally <100 cells/µL)[1] The three most common species infecting humans are C. hominis (formerly C. parvum genotype 1 or human genotype), C. parvum (formerly C. parvum genotype 2 or bovine genotype), and C. meleagridis. In addition, infections with C. canis, C. felis, C. muris, and Cryptosporidium pig genotype have been reported in immunocompromised patients. Preliminary analyses indicate that some zoonotic species might have a stronger association with chronic diarrhea than C. hominis. However, whether the different Cryptosporidium species are associated with differences in severity of disease or response to therapy is unknown.
Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents
Outline of the Guideline:
- Preventing Exposure
- Preventing Disease
- Treatment of Disease
- Monitoring and Adverse Events
- Management of Treatment Failure
- Preventing Recurrence
- Discontinuing Secondary Prophylaxis (Chronic Maintenance Therapy)
- Special Considerations During Pregnancy