Hypercalciuria

Hypercalciuria
ICD-10	E83.5
ICD-9	791.9
DiseasesDB	6220
MeSH	D053565

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2] Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]

Overview

Hypercalciuria refers to elevated calcium in the urine. Chronic hypercalciuria may lead to impairment of renal function, nephrocalcinosis, and renal insufficiency.

Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Hypercalciuria

Common causes

• Primary Hyperparathyroidism
• Renal tubular acidosis
• Immobility
• Excess Vitamin-D intake
• Excess dietary Calcium
• Cushing's disease
• Osteoporosis
• Loop diuretics
• Sarcoidosis
• Rickets

Causes by Organ system

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Vitamin D, Lithium, Calcitriol toxicity, Ethinyl estradiol and drospirnone, Furosemide, Glucocorticoids
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Cushing syndrome, Primary hyperparathyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Multiple endocrine neoplasia, Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, Parathyroid carcinoma, Pituitary tumour (growth hormone secreting), Primary parathyroid hyperplasia, Solitary parathyroid adenoma, Acromegaly, Autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism, Congenital hypothyroidism, Osteoporosis
Environmental	Dehydration, Immobility, Zero gravity
Gastroenterologic	Wilson disease, Ulcerative colitis
Genetic	Autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism, Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Jansen type, Hypophosphatasia, Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, Wilson disease, X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1, Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia, Autosomal recessive Familial hypomagnesemia with Hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis, Congenital hypothyroidism, Dent disease, Lowe's syndrome, Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Williams syndrome, Bartter syndrome, Hereditary hypophosatemic rickets
Hematologic	Leukemia, Lymphoma, Multiple myeloma
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Histoplasmosis, Tuberculous granulomas, Acute pyelonephritis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Jansen type, Fractures, McCune-Albright syndrome, Osteoporosis, Paget disease of bone, Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Neurologic	Acromegaly, Wilson disease
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Bone metastases, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Reticulum cell sarcoma, Parathyroid carcinoma, Pituitary tumour (growth hormone secreting), Solitary parathyroid adenoma
Opthalmologic	Wilson disease
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte	Dent disease, X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Proximal renal tubular acidosis, Acute pyelonephritis, Aminoaciduria, Bartter syndrome, Chronic hypokalemia, Cystinosis, Fanconi syndrome, Glycogen storage disease type 1a, Hartnup disease, Hereditary hypophosatemic rickets, Hyperchloremic acidosis, Hypocitraturia, Hypophosphatasia, Medullary cystic kidney disease, Medullary sponge kidney, Nephrocalcinosis, Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia, Autosomal recessive Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC), Dent disease, X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Sarcoidosis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Excess Calcium intake, Idiopathic hypercalciuria, Milk-alkali syndrome, Recumbency

Causes in Alphabetical order

• Acromegaly
• Acute pyelonephritis
• Aminoaciduria
• Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia
• Autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism
• Autosomal recessive Familial hypomagnesemia with Hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis
• Bartter syndrome
• Bone metastases
• Calcitriol toxicity
• Chronic hypokalemia
• Congenital hypothyroidism
• Cushing syndrome
• Cystinosis
• Dehydration
• Dent disease
• Ethinyl estradiol and drospirnone
• Excess Calcium intake
• Fanconi syndrome
• Fractures
• Furosemide
• Glucocorticoids
• Glycogen storage disease type 1a
• Hartnup disease
• Hereditary hypophosatemic rickets
• Histoplasmosis
• Hyperchloremic acidosis
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypocitraturia
• Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis
• Hypophosphatasia
• Idiopathic hypercalciuria
• Immobility
• Leukemia
• Lowe's syndrome
• Lymphoma
• McCune-Albright syndrome
• Medullary cystic kidney disease
• Medullary sponge kidney
• Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Jansen type
• Milk-alkali syndrome
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia
• Multiple myeloma
• Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism
• Nephrocalcinosis
• Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• Osteoporosis
• Parathyroid carcinoma
• Paget disease of bone
• Pituitary tumour (growth hormone secreting)
• Primary Hyperparathyroidism
• Primary parathyroid hyperplasia
• Proximal renal tubular acidosis
• Recumbency
• Reticulum cell sarcoma
• Sarcoidosis
• Solitary parathyroid adenoma
• Tuberculous granulomas
• Ulcerative colitis
• Vitamin D
• Williams syndrome
• Wilson disease
• X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1
• Zero gravity

Related Chapters

• Hypercalcaemia