Hyperreflexia: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Hyperreflexia''' suggests an [[upper motor neuron]] dysfunction. Hyperreflexia usually has a positive [[Ddx:Babinski's Sign|Babinkski's Sign]] and spasticity. Usually develops over a period of days to weeks (as opposed to immediate presentation) | '''Hyperreflexia''' suggests an [[upper motor neuron]] dysfunction. Hyperreflexia usually has a positive [[Ddx:Babinski's Sign|Babinkski's Sign]] and spasticity. Usually develops over a period of days to weeks (as opposed to immediate presentation) | ||
== | == Causes == | ||
===Causes In Alphabetical Order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>=== | |||
In | |||
* [[Alcohol withdrawal]] | * [[Alcohol withdrawal]] | ||
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* [[Intracranial bleeding]] | * [[Intracranial bleeding]] | ||
* [[Lithium]] overdose | * [[Lithium]] overdose | ||
* Maple syrup urine disease | * [[Maple syrup urine disease]] | ||
* [[Meningitis]] | * [[Meningitis]] | ||
* Monoamine oxide inhibitor overdose | * [[Monoamine oxide inhibitor overdose]] | ||
* [[Multiple Sclerosis]] | * [[Multiple Sclerosis]] | ||
* [[Parkinsonism]] | * [[Parkinsonism]] | ||
* [[Phenylketonuria]] | * [[Phenylketonuria]] | ||
* [[Poliomyelitis]] | * [[Poliomyelitis]] | ||
* Primary lateral sclerosis | * [[Primary lateral sclerosis]] | ||
* Progressive [[alcoholic]] dementia | * Progressive [[alcoholic]] dementia | ||
* [[Rabies]] | * [[Rabies]] | ||
* [[Serotonin syndrome]] | * [[Serotonin syndrome]] | ||
* Spastic spinal paralysis | * Spastic spinal paralysis | ||
* Spinal cord infarction | * [[Spinal cord infarction]] | ||
* [[Spinocerebellar ataxia]] | * [[Spinocerebellar ataxia]] | ||
* [[Syringobulbia]] | * [[Syringobulbia]] | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Neurology]] | [[Category:Neurology]] | ||
Revision as of 13:09, 31 July 2012
| Hyperreflexia |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Hyperreflexia suggests an upper motor neuron dysfunction. Hyperreflexia usually has a positive Babinkski's Sign and spasticity. Usually develops over a period of days to weeks (as opposed to immediate presentation)
Causes
Causes In Alphabetical Order. [1] [2]
- Alcohol withdrawal
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Anxiety
- Apoplexy
- Athetosis
- Autonomic dystonia
- Brainstem lesions
- Cerebral lesions
- Cervical or thoracic myelopathy
- Compressive myelopathy
- Drugs, toxins
- Electrolyte disorders
- Epidural abscess
- Familial spastic paraparesis
- General paralysis
- Hepatic coma
- Homocystinuria
- Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) associated myelopathy
- Hydrocephalus
- Hyperbaric liquor pressure
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypocalcemia
- Infantile diplegia
- Intracranial bleeding
- Lithium overdose
- Maple syrup urine disease
- Meningitis
- Monoamine oxide inhibitor overdose
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Parkinsonism
- Phenylketonuria
- Poliomyelitis
- Primary lateral sclerosis
- Progressive alcoholic dementia
- Rabies
- Serotonin syndrome
- Spastic spinal paralysis
- Spinal cord infarction
- Spinocerebellar ataxia
- Syringobulbia
- Tetanus
- Thyrotoxicosis
Suggested Laboratory Evaluations
- Calcium
- Lithium
- Drug screen
- Magnesium
- DNA testing
- Serologies for:
- HTLV-I
- HIV
- Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies
MRI and CT
Other Diagnostic Studies
- Cerebrospinal fluid analysis (for suspected multiple sclerosis)
Treatment
- Replace electrolytes
Acute Pharmacotherapies
- Antispasicity agents
- Steroids
- Interferon
- Glatiramer acetate
- Mitoxantrone
- Cyproheptadine
- Antiretroviral therapy
Surgery and Device Based Therapy
- Surgical intervention to relieve compression (in compressive myelopathies)
- Syringomyelia may require surgical therapy
- Some congenital conditions may require surgical intervention