Kussmaul breathing: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | |||
'''Kussmaul breathing''' is the very deep and labored [[breath]]ing with normal or reduced frequency,<ref>Kussmaul breathing has reduced or normal frequency, ''not'' increased, see [http://www.whonamedit.com/syndlist.cfm/38], [http://pharmsup.com/info/Kussmaul%20breathing.html], [http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40025292/] etc. Note that this occurs only in advanced stages of acidosis, and is farely rarely reached. In less severe cased of acidosis, rapid, shallow breathing is seen. Kussmaul breathing is a kind of very deep, gasping, desperate breathing.</ref> found among people with severe [[acidosis]]; it is a form of [[hyperventilation]].<ref>Hyperventilation means breathing that is faster and/or deeper than normal. Kussmaul breathing is deep but not fast (i.e no [[tachypnea]]).</ref> | |||
== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
Kussmaul breathing is named for [[Adolph Kussmaul]], the 19th century German Physician who first noted it among patients with advanced diabetes (usually type I). He published his finding in a classic 1874 paper.<ref>A. Kussmaul: ''Zur Lehre vom Diabetes mellitus. Über eine eigenthümliche Todesart bei Diabetischen, über Acetonämie, Glycerin-Behandlung des Diabetes und Einspritzungen von Diastase in’s Blut bei dieser Krankheit.'', ''Deutsches Archiv für klinische Medicin, Leipzig'', 1874, 14: 1-46. English translation in Ralph Hermon Major (1884-1970), Classic Descriptions of Disease. Springfield, C. C. Thomas, 1932. 2nd edition, 1939, 3rd edition, 1945.</ref> | |||
==Pathophysiology== | |||
The cause of Kussmaul breathing is [[Respiratory system|respiratory]] compensation for a [[metabolic acidosis]], most commonly occurring in [[diabetic]]s in [[diabetic ketoacidosis]]. Blood gases on a patient with Kussmaul breathing will show a low p[[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] because of a forced increased [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]] (blowing off the [[carbon dioxide]]). The patient feels an urge to breathe deeply, an "air hunger", and it appears almost involuntary. | The cause of Kussmaul breathing is [[Respiratory system|respiratory]] compensation for a [[metabolic acidosis]], most commonly occurring in [[diabetic]]s in [[diabetic ketoacidosis]]. Blood gases on a patient with Kussmaul breathing will show a low p[[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] because of a forced increased [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]] (blowing off the [[carbon dioxide]]). The patient feels an urge to breathe deeply, an "air hunger", and it appears almost involuntary. | ||
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Revision as of 14:14, 26 September 2012
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [4]
Overview
Kussmaul breathing is the very deep and labored breathing with normal or reduced frequency,[1] found among people with severe acidosis; it is a form of hyperventilation.[2]
Historical Perspective
Kussmaul breathing is named for Adolph Kussmaul, the 19th century German Physician who first noted it among patients with advanced diabetes (usually type I). He published his finding in a classic 1874 paper.[3]
Pathophysiology
The cause of Kussmaul breathing is respiratory compensation for a metabolic acidosis, most commonly occurring in diabetics in diabetic ketoacidosis. Blood gases on a patient with Kussmaul breathing will show a low pCO2 because of a forced increased respiration (blowing off the carbon dioxide). The patient feels an urge to breathe deeply, an "air hunger", and it appears almost involuntary.
A metabolic acidosis soon produces hyperventilation, but at first it will tend to be rapid and relatively shallow. Kussmaul breathing develops as the acidosis grows more severe. Indeed, Kussmaul originally indentified this type of breathing as a sign of coma and imminent death in diabetic patients.
Duration of fasting, presence or absence of hepatomegaly and Kussmaul breathing provide clues to the differential diagnosis of hypoglycemia in the inborn errors of metabolism.[4]
References
- ↑ Kussmaul breathing has reduced or normal frequency, not increased, see [1], [2], [3] etc. Note that this occurs only in advanced stages of acidosis, and is farely rarely reached. In less severe cased of acidosis, rapid, shallow breathing is seen. Kussmaul breathing is a kind of very deep, gasping, desperate breathing.
- ↑ Hyperventilation means breathing that is faster and/or deeper than normal. Kussmaul breathing is deep but not fast (i.e no tachypnea).
- ↑ A. Kussmaul: Zur Lehre vom Diabetes mellitus. Über eine eigenthümliche Todesart bei Diabetischen, über Acetonämie, Glycerin-Behandlung des Diabetes und Einspritzungen von Diastase in’s Blut bei dieser Krankheit., Deutsches Archiv für klinische Medicin, Leipzig, 1874, 14: 1-46. English translation in Ralph Hermon Major (1884-1970), Classic Descriptions of Disease. Springfield, C. C. Thomas, 1932. 2nd edition, 1939, 3rd edition, 1945.
- ↑ Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Pediatrics, 18th Edition, Page:989
Kussmaul-Atmung クスマウル呼吸 Oddech Kussmaula Kussmaul Solunumu