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| {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{CP}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder psychiatric examination]] |
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| {{ADHD}}
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| ==Overview==
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| A complete psychiatric examination should be performed by a psychiatrist, or a child psychiatrist, with additional information provided by teachers. Psychiatric examination should focus on the DSM IV criteria listed below, as well as on symptoms that would differentiate ADHD from other psychiatric diagnosis.
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| ==Psychiatric Examination==
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| Many of the symptoms of ADHD occur from time to time in everyone. In those with ADHD the frequency of these symptoms occurs frequently and impairs regular life functioning typically at school or at work. Not only will they perform poorly in task oriented settings but they will also have difficulty with social functioning with their peers. No objective physical test exists to diagnose ADHD in a patient. As with many other psychiatric and medical disorders, the formal diagnosis is made by a qualified professional in the field based on a set number of criteria. In the USA these criteria are laid down by the American Psychiatric Association in their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ([[DSM-IV]] ), 4th edition. Based on the DSM-IV criteria listed below, three types of ADHD are classified:
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| # ADHD, Combined Type: if both criteria 1A and 1B are met for the past 6 months
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| # [[ADHD predominantly inattentive|ADHD Predominantly Inattentive]] Type: if criterion 1A is met but criterion 1B is not met for the past six months | |
| # ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: if Criterion 1B is met but Criterion 1A is not met for the past six months.
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| The terminology of ADD expired with the revision of the most current version of the DSM. Consequently, ADHD is the current nomenclature used to describe the disorder as one distinct disorder which can manifest itself as being a primary deficit resulting in hyperactivity/impulsivity (ADHD, predominately hyperactive-impulsive type) or inattention (ADHD predominately inattentive type) or both (ADHD combined type).
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| ===DSM-IV Criteria for ADHD===
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| I. Either A or B:
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| :A. Six or more of the following symptoms of inattention have been present for at least 6 months to a point that is disruptive and inappropriate for developmental level:
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| :# Often does not give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities.
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| :# Often has trouble keeping attention on tasks or play activities.
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| :# Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
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| :# Often does not follow instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions).
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| :# Often has trouble organizing activities.
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| :# Often avoids, dislikes, or doesn't want to do things that take a lot of mental effort for a long period of time (such as schoolwork or homework).
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| :# Often loses things needed for tasks and activities (e.g. toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools).
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| :# Is often easily distracted.
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| :# Often forgetful in daily activities.
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| :B. Six or more of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have been present for at least 6 months to an extent that is disruptive and inappropriate for developmental level:
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| :# Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat.
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| :# Often gets up from seat when remaining in seat is expected.
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| :# Often runs about or climbs when and where it is not appropriate (adolescents or adults may feel very restless).
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| :# Often has trouble playing or enjoying leisure activities quietly.
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| :# Is often "on the go" or often acts as if "driven by a motor".
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| :# Often talks excessively.
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| :#Impulsiveness
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| :# Often blurts out answers before questions have been finished.
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| :# Often has trouble waiting one's turn.
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| :# Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games).
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| II. Some symptoms that cause impairment were present before age 7 years.
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| III. Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings (e.g. at school/work and at home).
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| IV. There must be clear evidence of significant impairment in social, school, or work functioning.
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| V. The symptoms do not happen only during the course of a Pervasive Developmental Disorder, [[Schizophrenia]], or other Psychotic Disorder. The symptoms are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g. Mood Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Dissociative Disorder, or a Personality Disorder).
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| ==Additional Diagnostic Information==
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| In the tenth edition of the ''[[International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]]'' (ICD-10) the symptoms of ADD are given the name "Hyperkinetic disorders". When a [[conduct disorder]] (as defined by ICD-10<ref name=ICD10> [http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/ ICD Version 2006: F91.] [[World Health Organization]]. Retrieved on [[December 11]], [[2006]].</ref>) is present, the condition is referred to as "Hyperkinetic conduct disorder". Otherwise the disorder is classified as "Disturbance of Activity and Attention", "Other Hyperkinetic Disorders" or "Hyperkinetic Disorders, Unspecified". The latter is sometimes referred to as, "Hyperkinetic Syndrome".<ref name=ICD10/>
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| The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] [[Guideline (medical)|Clinical Practice Guideline]] for children with ADHD emphasizes that a reliable diagnosis is dependent upon the fulfillment of three criteria:<ref>Perrin JM, Stein MT, Amler RW, Blondius TA. 2001. "Clinical practice guideline: treatment of school-aged children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". ''Pediatrics'' 108 (4):1033-1044. PMID 11581465</ref>
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| * The use of explicit criteria for the diagnosis using the [[DSM-IV-TR]].
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| * The importance of obtaining information about the child’s symptoms in more than one setting.
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| * The search for coexisting conditions that may make the diagnosis more difficult or complicate treatment planning.
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| The first criterion can be satisfied by using an ADHD-specific instrument such as the Conners' Rating Scale.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Conners CK, Sitarenios G, Parker JD, Epstein JN |title=Revision and restandardization of the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS-R): factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity |journal=Journal of abnormal child psychology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=279–91 |year=1998 |pmid=9700520}}</ref> The second criterion is best fulfilled by examining the individual's history. This history can be obtained from parents and teachers, or a patient's memory.<ref>Ratey, John; Hallowell, Edward. ''Driven to Distraction'' first edition, p. 42</ref> The requirement that symptoms be present in more than one setting is very important because the problem may not be with the child, but instead with teachers or parents who are too demanding. The use of [[intelligence test]]ing, [[psychological testing]], and [[neuropsychological test]]ing (to satisfy the third criterion) is essential in order to find or rule out other factors that might be causing or complicating the problems experienced by the patient.<ref>Ninivaggi, F. J. "Borderline intellectual functioning and academic problem." In: Sadock B.J. Sadock, V.A., eds. ''Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of psychiatry. 8th ed.'' Vol. II. Baltimore: Lippincott William and Wilkins; 2005: 2272–76.</ref>
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| The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) state that a diagnosis of ADD should only be made by trained health care providers, as many of the symptoms may also be part of other conditions, such as bodily illness or other physiological disorders, such as [[hypothyroidism]]. It is not uncommon that physically and mentally [[Pathology|nonpathological]] individuals exhibit at least some of the symptoms from time to time. Severity and pervasiveness of the symptoms leading to prominent functional impairment across different settings (school, work, social relationships) are major factors in a positive diagnosis.
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| Adults often continue to be impaired by ADD. Adults with ADD are diagnosed under the same criteria, including the stipulation that their symptoms must have been present prior to the age of seven.<ref name="DSM">[http://www.psychiatryonline.com/content.aspx?aID=7721 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.] Psychiatry Online. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.</ref> Adults face some of their greatest challenges in the areas of self-control and self-motivation, as well as [[executive functioning]], usually having more symptoms of inattention and fewer of hyperactivity or impulsiveness than children do.<ref>Jensen, PS. [http://medoffice.medscape.com/viewarticle/530193_2 Exploring the Neurocircuitry of the Brain and Its Impact on Treatment Selections in ADD.] Medscape. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.</ref>
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| Common comorbid conditions are [[Oppositional Defiance Disorder]] (ODD). About 20% to 25% of children with ADD meet criteria for a [[learning disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pliszka S |title=Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=525–40, vii |year=2000 |pmid=10944655}}</ref> Learning disorders are more common when there are inattention symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes: Are there differences in academic problems?|journal=Dev neuropsychology|date=1995|author=Lamminmäky T '' et al''|issue=11|pages=297–310}}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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