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==Associated conditions==
==Associated conditions==
== Associated conditions ==
* [[advanced sleep phase disorder]]
* [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome]]
* [[cerebral edema|brain edema]]
* [[cerebral hypoxia]]
* [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]
* [[clinical depression]], especially [[seasonal affective disorder]] (SAD)
* [[dehydration]]
* [[delayed sleep phase syndrome]]
* [[diabetes]] – ketoacidosis as example, but not balanced diabetes mellitus
* [[encephalitis]] – (viral, bacterial or other agents)
* [[epilepsy]] – after seizure
* [[fibromyalgia]]
* [[hydrocephalus]]
* [[hyperparathyroidism]]
* [[hypothermia]]
* [[hypothyroidism]]
* [[idiopathic hypersomnia]]
* [[infectious mononucleosis]] (glandular fever)
* [[intracranial hemorrhage]] such as due to ruptured [[aneurysm]]
* increased [[intracranial pressure]]; for example, due to [[brain tumors]]
* [[lyme disease]] (borreliosis)
* [[medications]]
** [[analgesics]] – mostly prescribed or illicit [[opiates]] such as [[OxyContin]] or [[heroin]]
** anticonvulsants / [[antiepileptic]]s – such as phenytoin (Dilantin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), [[Lyrica]] (pregbalin), [[Gabapentin]]
** [[antidepressants]] – for instance sedating [[tricyclic antidepressants]],<ref name="pmid16832696">{{cite journal |author=Zimmermann C, Pfeiffer H |title=[Sleep disorders in depression. Suggestions for a therapeutic approach] |language=German |journal=Nervenarzt |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=21–30 |date=January 2007 |pmid=16832696 |doi=10.1007/s00115-006-2111-1 |url=}}</ref> and [[mirtazapine]]. Somnolence is less common with [[SSRI]]s<ref name="pmid22161405">{{cite journal |author=Watanabe N, Omori IM, Nakagawa A, ''et al.'' |title=Mirtazapine versus other antidepressive agents for depression |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=12 |pages=CD006528 |year=2011 |pmid=22161405 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006528.pub2 |url=}}</ref> and [[SNRI]]s as well as [[MAOI]]s.
** [[antihistamines]] – for instance, [[diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl) and [[doxylamine]] (Unisom-2)
** [[antipsychotics]] – for example, [[thioridazine]], [[quetiapine]], [[olanzapine]] (Zyprexa), [[risperidone]], and [[Geodon]] but not [[haloperidol]]
** [[dopamine agonists]] used in the treatment of [[Parkinson's disease]] – e.g. [[pergolide]], ropinirole and [[pramipexole]].
** [[HIV]] medications – for example, [[Sustiva]] and [[efavirenz]]
** [[hypertension]] medications – such as [[amlodipine]]
** [[tranquilizers]] / [[hypnotics]] – such as [[zopiclone]], or the benzodiazepines such as [[diazepam]] or [[nitrazepam]] (Mogadon) and the  [[barbiturate]]s, such as [[amobarbital]] (Amytal) or [[secobarbital]] (Seconal)
** other agents impacting the [[central nervous system]] in sufficient or toxic doses
* [[narcolepsy]]
* [[sickness behavior]]
* [[sleep apnea]]
* [[sleep apnea]]
* [[sleep deprivation]] / [[insomnia]]
* [[sleep deprivation]] / [[insomnia]]
* [[advanced sleep phase syndrome]]
* [[starvation]]
* [[narcolepsy]]
* [[clinical depression]], especially [[seasonal affective disorder]] or [[SAD]]
* [[infectious mononucleosis]] ([[glandular fever]])
* [[Paget%27s_disease_of_bone | Paget's disease]]
* increased [[intracranial pressure]] for example due to [[brain tumors]]
* [[cerebral edema|brain edema]]
* [[stroke]]
* [[stroke]]
* [[traumatic brain injury]]
* [[traumatic brain injury]]
* [[Intracranial hemorrhage]] such as due to ruptured [[aneurysm]]
* [[African trypanosomiasis]] ("sleeping sickness")
*[[hydrocephalus]]
*[[cerebral hypoxia]]
*[[encephalitis]] - (viral, bacterial or other agents)
*[[Lyme disease]] (borreliosis)
*[[hypothyroidism]]
*[[starvation]]
*[[hypothermia]]
* [[medications]]
**[[tranquilizers]] / [[hypnotics]] especially benzodiazepines such as [[temazepam]] (Restoril®) or [[nitrazepam]] (Mogadon®) and barbiturates such as [[amobarbital]] (Amytal®) or [[secobarbital]] (Seconal®)
**[[antidepressants]] - for instance [[sertraline]] and [[venlafaxine]].
**[[antipsychotics]] - for example: [[thioridazine]], [[quetiapine]], and [[olanzapine]] (Zyprexa) but not [[haloperidol]].
**[[analgesics]] -  mostly prescribed or illicit [[opiates]] such as [[Oxycontin]] or [[heroin]]
**HIV medications - for example: Sustiva and medications containing [[efavirenz]]
**anticonvulsants / [[antiepileptic]] - such as phenytoin (Dilantin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), [[lamotrigine]] (Lamictal) (see [http://professionals.epilepsy.com/page/table_9steps_sideeffs.html article on Epilepsy.com])
**[[antihistamines]] - for instance diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
**[[hypertension]] medications such as [[Norvasc]]
** generally many other agents with impact on [[central nervous system]] in sufficient or toxic doses
**certain substances from plants, animals and fungi - from the wild or otherwise. Majority yet to be discovered (rain forest, oceans)


==See also==
== See also ==
{{Wiktionary}}
* {{wiktionary inline|somnolence|drowsiness}}
* [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]
* [[Decision fatigue]]
* [[fibromyalgia]]
* [[Insomnia]]
* [[Insomnia]]
* [[Hypersomnia]]
* [[Hypersomnia]]
* [[Dyssomnia]]
* [[Dyssomnia]]
* [[Fatigue (physical)]]
* [[Fatigue (physical)]]
* [[Postprandial somnolence]]
* [[Restless legs syndrome]]
* [[Periodic limb movement]]


==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{Symptoms and signs}}
{{Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour symptoms and signs}}
{{SleepSeries2}}
{{SleepSeries2}}


[[bs:Somnolencija]]
[[Category:Symptoms and signs: Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour]]
[[de:Somnolenz]]
[[Category:Sleep]]
[[hr:Somnolencija]]
[[Category:Mental processes]]
[[th:ความง่วง]]


{{WH}}
{{disease-stub}}
{{WS}}


[[Category:Disease]]
[[fr:Sommeil#Somnolence]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Overview complete]]
[[Category:Sleep]]

Revision as of 22:50, 9 March 2014

For patient information, click here

Somnolence
ICD-10 R40.0
ICD-9 780.09

Template:Search infobox Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Somnolence (or "drowsiness") is a state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods. It has two distinct meanings, referring both to the usual state preceding falling asleep, and the chronic condition referring to being in that state independent of a circadian rhythm. The disorder characterized by the latter condition is most commonly associated with users of prescription hypnotics, such as mirtazapine or zolpidem.

It is considered a lesser impairment of consciousness than stupor or coma.

Hazards

Somnolence can be dangerous when performing tasks that require constant concentration, such as driving a vehicle. When a person is sufficiently fatigued, he or she may experience microsleeps (loss of concentration).

Associated conditions

Associated conditions

See also

References

  1. ↑ Zimmermann C, Pfeiffer H (January 2007). "[Sleep disorders in depression. Suggestions for a therapeutic approach]". Nervenarzt (in German). 78 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1007/s00115-006-2111-1. PMID 16832696.
  2. ↑ Watanabe N, Omori IM, Nakagawa A; et al. (2011). "Mirtazapine versus other antidepressive agents for depression". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12): CD006528. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006528.pub2. PMID 22161405.

Template:Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour symptoms and signs Template:SleepSeries2

Template:Disease-stub

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