Typhus primary prevention: Difference between revisions
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The first major step in the development of the [[vaccine]] was [[Charles Nicolle]]'s 1909 discovery that [[lice]] were the [[Vector (biology)|vectors]] for epidemic typhus. This made it possible to isolate the bacteria causing the disease and develop a vaccine; he was awarded the 1928 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for this work. Nicolle attempted a vaccine but was not successful in making one that worked on a large enough scale.<ref>Gross, Ludwik (1996) [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/93/20/10539.pdf ''How Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute discovered that epidemic typhus is transmitted by lice: reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute in Paris''] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Vol. 93, pp. 10539-10540.</ref> | The first major step in the development of the [[vaccine]] was [[Charles Nicolle]]'s 1909 discovery that [[lice]] were the [[Vector (biology)|vectors]] for epidemic typhus. This made it possible to isolate the bacteria causing the disease and develop a vaccine; he was awarded the 1928 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for this work. Nicolle attempted a vaccine but was not successful in making one that worked on a large enough scale.<ref>Gross, Ludwik (1996) [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/93/20/10539.pdf ''How Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute discovered that epidemic typhus is transmitted by lice: reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute in Paris''] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Vol. 93, pp. 10539-10540.</ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Primary Prevention
Vaccine
The first major step in the development of the vaccine was Charles Nicolle's 1909 discovery that lice were the vectors for epidemic typhus. This made it possible to isolate the bacteria causing the disease and develop a vaccine; he was awarded the 1928 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work. Nicolle attempted a vaccine but was not successful in making one that worked on a large enough scale.[1]
Henrique da Rocha Lima in 1916 then proved that the bacteria Rickettsia prowazekii was the agent responsible for typhus; he named bacteria after H. T. Ricketts and Stanislaus von Prowazek, two zoologists who died investigating a typhus epidemic in a prison camp in 1915. Once these crucial facts were recognized, Rudolf Weigl in 1930 was able to fashion a practical and effective vaccine production method by grinding up the guts of infected lice that had been drinking blood. It was, however, very dangerous to produce, and carried a high likelihood of infection to those who were working on it.
A safer mass-production-ready method using egg yolks was developed by Herald R. Cox in 1938.[2] This vaccine was used heavily by 1943.
References
- ↑ Gross, Ludwik (1996) How Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute discovered that epidemic typhus is transmitted by lice: reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute in Paris Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Vol. 93, pp. 10539-10540.
- ↑ Nuernberg Military Tribunal, Volume I pp. 508-511