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{{About|the enzyme||CA-12 (disambiguation){{!}}CA-12}}
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{{Infobox_gene}}
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'''Carbonic anhydrase 12''' is an [[enzyme]] that in humans is encoded by the ''CA12'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9636197">{{cite journal | vauthors = Türeci O, Sahin U, Vollmar E, Siemer S, Göttert E, Seitz G, Parkkila AK, Shah GN, Grubb JH, Pfreundschuh M, Sly WS | title = Human carbonic anhydrase XII: cDNA cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of a carbonic anhydrase gene that is overexpressed in some renal cell cancers | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 95 | issue = 13 | pages = 7608–7613 | date = Aug 1998 | pmid = 9636197 | pmc = 22698 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.95.13.7608 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CA12 carbonic anhydrase XII| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=771| accessdate = }}</ref>
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_CA12_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1jcz.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1jcz}}, {{PDB2|1jd0}}
| Name = Carbonic anhydrase XII
| HGNCid = 1371
| Symbol = CA12
| AltSymbols =; CAXII; FLJ20151; HsT18816
| OMIM = 603263
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 20327
| MGIid = 1923709
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_CA12_203963_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_CA12_204508_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image3 = PBB_GE_CA12_204509_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004089 |text = carbonate dehydratase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008270 |text = zinc ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016829 |text = lyase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046872 |text = metal ion binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006730 |text = one-carbon compound metabolic process}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 771
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000074410
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_001209
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_001218
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 15
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 61402784
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 61461128
    | Hs_Uniprot = O43570
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 76459
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000032373
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_178396
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_848483
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 9
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 66512886
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 66565991
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3TC80
  }}
}}
'''Carbonic anhydrase XII''', also known as '''CA12''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CA12 carbonic anhydrase XII| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=771| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
[[Carbonic anhydrase]]s (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, [[calcification]], acid-base balance, [[bone resorption]], and the formation of aqueous humor, [[cerebrospinal fluid]], saliva, and gastric acid. This gene product is a type I membrane protein that is highly expressed in normal tissues, such as kidney, colon and pancreas, and has been found to be overexpressed in 10% of [[clear cell renal cell carcinoma|clear cell renal carcinoma]]s. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene.<ref name="entrez" />
{{PBB_Summary
 
| section_title =
==Pathology==
| summary_text = Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. This gene product is a type I membrane protein that is highly expressed in normal tissues, such as kidney, colon and pancreas, and has been found to be overexpressed in 10% of clear cell renal carcinomas. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CA12 carbonic anhydrase XII| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=771| accessdate = }}</ref>
 
}}
Loss of function mutations in the CAXII gene result in defects in fluids and carbonate secretions in the following diseases:
 
1) Cystic fibrosis-like syndrome with normal cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ([[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator|CFTR]]) protein levels <ref name="Feldshtein 2010">{{cite journal|last1=Feldshtein|first1=M|last2=Elkrinawi|first2=S|last3=Yerushalmi|first3=B|last4=Marcus|first4=B|last5=Vullo|first5=D|last6=Romi|first6=H|last7=Ofir|first7=R|last8=Landau|first8=D|last9=Sivan|first9=S|last10=Supuran|first10=CT|last11=Birk|first11=OS|title=Hyperchlorhidrosis caused by homozygous mutation in CA12, encoding carbonic anhydrase XII.|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|date=12 November 2010|volume=87|issue=5|pages=713–20|pmid=21035102|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.10.008|pmc=2978943}}</ref><ref name="Muhammad 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Muhammad|first1=E|last2=Leventhal|first2=N|last3=Parvari|first3=G|last4=Hanukoglu|first4=A|last5=Hanukoglu|first5=I|last6=Chalifa-Caspi|first6=V|last7=Feinstein|first7=Y|last8=Weinbrand|first8=J|last9=Jacoby|first9=H|last10=Manor|first10=E|last11=Nagar|first11=T|last12=Beck|first12=JC|last13=Sheffield|first13=VC|last14=Hershkovitz|first14=E|last15=Parvari|first15=R|title=Autosomal recessive hyponatremia due to isolated salt wasting in sweat associated with a mutation in the active site of Carbonic Anhydrase 12.|journal=Human Genetics|date=April 2011|volume=129|issue=4|pages=397–405|pmid=21184099|doi=10.1007/s00439-010-0930-4}}</ref><ref name="Hong 2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hong|first1=JH|last2=Muhammad|first2=E|last3=Zheng|first3=C|last4=Hershkovitz|first4=E|last5=Alkrinawi|first5=S|last6=Loewenthal|first6=N|last7=Parvari|first7=R|last8=Muallem|first8=S|title=Essential role of carbonic anhydrase XII in secretory gland fluid and HCO3 (-) secretion revealed by disease causing human mutation.|journal=The Journal of Physiology|date=15 December 2015|volume=593|issue=24|pages=5299–312|pmid=26486891|doi=10.1113/jp271378}}</ref><ref name="Lee 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=M|last2=Vecchio-Pagán|first2=B|last3=Sharma|first3=N|last4=Waheed|first4=A|last5=Li|first5=X|last6=Raraigh|first6=KS|last7=Robbins|first7=S|last8=Han|first8=ST|last9=Franca|first9=AL|last10=Pellicore|first10=MJ|last11=Evans|first11=TA|last12=Arcara|first12=KM|last13=Nguyen|first13=H|last14=Luan|first14=S|last15=Belchis|first15=D|last16=Hertecant|first16=J|last17=Zabner|first17=J|last18=Sly|first18=WS|last19=Cutting|first19=GR|title=Loss of carbonic anhydrase XII function in individuals with elevated sweat chloride concentration and pulmonary airway disease.|journal=Human Molecular Genetics|date=23 February 2016|pmid=26911677|doi=10.1093/hmg/ddw065|volume=25|pages=1923–1933}}</ref><ref name="Purkerson 2007">{{cite journal|last1=Purkerson|first1=JM|last2=Schwartz|first2=GJ|title=The role of carbonic anhydrases in renal physiology.|journal=Kidney International|date=January 2007|volume=71|issue=2|pages=103–15|pmid=17164835|doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5002020}}</ref><ref name="Quinton 2010">{{cite journal|last1=Quinton|first1=PM|title=Role of epithelial HCO3⁻ transport in mucin secretion: lessons from cystic fibrosis.|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology|date=December 2010|volume=299|issue=6|pages=C1222-33|pmid=20926781|doi=10.1152/ajpcell.00362.2010|pmc=3006319}}</ref>
 
2) [[Pancreatitis]]<ref name="Kivela 2000 #315">{{cite journal|last1=Kivelä|first1=AJ|last2=Parkkila|first2=S|last3=Saarnio|first3=J|last4=Karttunen|first4=TJ|last5=Kivelä|first5=J|last6=Parkkila|first6=AK|last7=Pastoreková|first7=S|last8=Pastorek|first8=J|last9=Waheed|first9=A|last10=Sly|first10=WS|last11=Rajaniemi|first11=H|title=Expression of transmembrane carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes IX and XII in normal human pancreas and pancreatic tumours.|journal=Histochemistry and cell biology|date=September 2000|volume=114|issue=3|pages=197–204|pmid=11083462|doi=10.1007/s004180000181}}</ref><ref name="Lee 2012">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=MG|last2=Ohana|first2=E|last3=Park|first3=HW|last4=Yang|first4=D|last5=Muallem|first5=S|title=Molecular mechanism of pancreatic and salivary gland fluid and HCO3 secretion.|journal=Physiological Reviews|date=January 2012|volume=92|issue=1|pages=39–74|pmid=22298651|doi=10.1152/physrev.00011.2011|pmc=3667394}}</ref>
 
3) [[Sjögren's syndrome]]<ref name="Lee 2012"/><ref name="Almstahl 2003">{{cite journal|last1=Almståhl|first1=A|last2=Wikström|first2=M|title=Electrolytes in stimulated whole saliva in individuals with hyposalivation of different origins.|journal=Archives of oral biology|date=May 2003|volume=48|issue=5|pages=337–44|pmid=12711377|doi=10.1016/s0003-9969(02)00200-5}}</ref>
 
4) [[Xerostomia]] or dry mouth syndrome<ref name="Hong 2015"/><ref name="Lee 2016"/><ref name="Purkerson 2007"/>
 
==Molecular Basis of Cystic Fibrosis-like Syndrome==
 
CAXII, with either the His121Gln or Glu143Lys mutation, localizes to basolateral membranes of polarized MDCK cells similar to the wild type enzyme, indicating no deleterious effect on subcellular location.<ref name="Lee 2012"/>
 
However, CAXII mutant enzymes show reduced activity. These observations made it very hard to explain the mechanism for the autosomal recessive disorder of [[hyponatremia]], causing salt wasting in sweat due to mutant CAXII.<ref name="Feldshtein 2010" /><ref name="Muhammad 2011" />
 
In a separate study, researchers observed that mutant enzyme activity is completely reduced at physiological concentrations of sodium chloride.<ref name="Lee 2012" /> Thus, loss of the function of CAXII in sweat glands and lungs is the molecular basis for cystic fibrosis patients with normal [[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator|CFTR]] levels.<ref name="Lee 2012" />
 
==High Impact Information on CAXII==
 
Differential modulation of the active site environment of CAXII by cationic quantum dots and polylysine helps design CAXII specific activators and inhibitors of the enzyme.<ref name="Manokaran 2010">{{cite journal|last1=Manokaran|first1=S|last2=Zhang|first2=X|last3=Chen|first3=W|last4=Srivastava|first4=DK|title=Differential modulation of the active site environment of human carbonic anhydrase XII by cationic quantum dots and polylysine.|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta|date=June 2010|volume=1804|issue=6|pages=1376–84|pmid=20215053|doi=10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.02.014|pmc=3181075}}</ref> CAXII specific inhibition provides a tool to interfere with cell proliferation, resulting in cell apoptosis in T-cell lymphomas.<ref name="Lounnas 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Lounnas|first1=N|last2=Rosilio|first2=C|last3=Nebout|first3=M|last4=Mary|first4=D|last5=Griessinger|first5=E|last6=Neffati|first6=Z|last7=Chiche|first7=J|last8=Spits|first8=H|last9=Hagenbeek|first9=TJ|last10=Asnafi|first10=V|last11=Poulsen|first11=SA|last12=Supuran|first12=CT|last13=Peyron|first13=JF|last14=Imbert|first14=V|title=Pharmacological inhibition of carbonic anhydrase XII interferes with cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis in T-cell lymphomas.|journal=Cancer Letters|date=1 June 2013|volume=333|issue=1|pages=76–88|pmid=23348702|doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.020}}</ref>
 
==Analytical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Context of CAXII==
 
Serum CAXII levels should be applicable as a sero-diagnostic marker for lung cancer.<ref name="Kobayashi 2012">{{cite journal|last1=Kobayashi|first1=M|last2=Matsumoto|first2=T|last3=Ryuge|first3=S|last4=Yanagita|first4=K|last5=Nagashio|first5=R|last6=Kawakami|first6=Y|last7=Goshima|first7=N|last8=Jiang|first8=SX|last9=Saegusa|first9=M|last10=Iyoda|first10=A|last11=Satoh|first11=Y|last12=Masuda|first12=N|last13=Sato|first13=Y|title=CAXII Is a sero-diagnostic marker for lung cancer.|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2012|volume=7|issue=3|pages=e33952|pmid=22439015|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0033952|pmc=3306309}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
{{Clear}}
 
==External links==
* {{UCSC gene info|CA12}}
 
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Sahin U, Türeci O, Schmitt H, Cochlovius B, Johannes T, Schmits R, Stenner F, Luo G, Schobert I, Pfreundschuh M | title = Human neoplasms elicit multiple specific immune responses in the autologous host | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 92 | issue = 25 | pages = 11810–11813 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8524854 | pmc = 40492 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.92.25.11810  |name-list-format=vanc }}
| citations =
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Ivanov SV, Kuzmin I, Wei MH, Pack S, Geil L, Johnson BE, Stanbridge EJ, Lerman MI | title = Down-regulation of transmembrane carbonic anhydrases in renal cell carcinoma cell lines by wild-type von Hippel-Lindau transgenes | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 95 | issue = 21 | pages = 12596–12601 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9770531 | pmc = 22876 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.95.21.12596  |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal | author=Sahin U, Türeci O, Schmitt H, ''et al.'' |title=Human neoplasms elicit multiple specific immune responses in the autologous host. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=92 |issue= 25 |pages= 11810-3 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8524854 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Fujikawa-Adachi K, Nishimori I, Taguchi T, Onishi S | title = Human carbonic anhydrase XIV (CA14): cDNA cloning, mRNA expression, and mapping to chromosome 1 | journal = Genomics | volume = 61 | issue = 1 | pages = 74–81 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10512682 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1999.5938 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Türeci O, Sahin U, Vollmar E, ''et al.'' |title=Human carbonic anhydrase XII: cDNA cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of a carbonic anhydrase gene that is overexpressed in some renal cell cancers. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=95 |issue= 13 |pages= 7608-13 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9636197 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Karhumaa P, Parkkila S, Türeci O, Waheed A, Grubb JH, Shah G, Parkkila A, Kaunisto K, Tapanainen J, Sly WS, Rajaniemi H | title = Identification of carbonic anhydrase XII as the membrane isozyme expressed in the normal human endometrial epithelium | journal = Mol. Hum. Reprod. | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 68–74 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10611263 | doi = 10.1093/molehr/6.1.68  |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ivanov SV, Kuzmin I, Wei MH, ''et al.'' |title=Down-regulation of transmembrane carbonic anhydrases in renal cell carcinoma cell lines by wild-type von Hippel-Lindau transgenes. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=95 |issue= 21 |pages= 12596-601 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9770531 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Kivelä A, Parkkila S, Saarnio J, Karttunen TJ, Kivelä J, Parkkila AK, Waheed A, Sly WS, Grubb JH, Shah G, Türeci O, Rajaniemi H | title = Expression of a novel transmembrane carbonic anhydrase isozyme XII in normal human gut and colorectal tumors | journal = Am. J. Pathol. | volume = 156 | issue = 2 | pages = 577–84 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10666387 | pmc = 1850052 | doi = 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64762-1 |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal | author=Fujikawa-Adachi K, Nishimori I, Taguchi T, Onishi S |title=Human carbonic anhydrase XIV (CA14): cDNA cloning, mRNA expression, and mapping to chromosome 1. |journal=Genomics |volume=61 |issue= 1 |pages= 74-81 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10512682 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1999.5938 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Kivelä AJ, Parkkila S, Saarnio J, Karttunen TJ, Kivelä J, Parkkila AK, Pastoreková S, Pastorek J, Waheed A, Sly WS, Rajaniemi H | title = Expression of transmembrane carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes IX and XII in normal human pancreas and pancreatic tumours | journal = Histochem. Cell Biol. | volume = 114 | issue = 3 | pages = 197–204 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11083462 | doi = 10.1007/s004180000181 |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal | author=Karhumaa P, Parkkila S, Türeci O, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of carbonic anhydrase XII as the membrane isozyme expressed in the normal human endometrial epithelium. |journal=Mol. Hum. Reprod. |volume=6 |issue= 1 |pages= 68-74 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10611263 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Saarnio J, Kivelä J, Karttunen TJ, Kaunisto K, Waheed A, Sly WS, Türeci O, Virtanen I, Rajaniemi H | title = Expression of the membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase isozyme XII in the human kidney and renal tumors | journal = J. Histochem. Cytochem. | volume = 48 | issue = 12 | pages = 1601–8 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11101628 | doi = 10.1177/002215540004801203 |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kivelä A, Parkkila S, Saarnio J, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of a novel transmembrane carbonic anhydrase isozyme XII in normal human gut and colorectal tumors. |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=156 |issue= 2 |pages= 577-84 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10666387 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Wykoff CC, Beasley N, Watson PH, Campo L, Chia SK, English R, Pastorek J, Sly WS, Ratcliffe P, Harris AL | title = Expression of the hypoxia-inducible and tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast | journal = Am. J. Pathol. | volume = 158 | issue = 3 | pages = 1011–9 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11238049 | pmc = 1850356 | doi = 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64048-5 |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kivelä AJ, Parkkila S, Saarnio J, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of transmembrane carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes IX and XII in normal human pancreas and pancreatic tumours. |journal=Histochem. Cell Biol. |volume=114 |issue= 3 |pages= 197-204 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11083462 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Karhumaa P, Kaunisto K, Parkkila S, Waheed A, Pastoreková S, Pastorek J, Sly WS, Rajaniemi H | title = Expression of the transmembrane carbonic anhydrases, CA IX and CA XII, in the human male excurrent ducts | journal = Mol. Hum. Reprod. | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = 611–616 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11420383 | doi = 10.1093/molehr/7.7.611  |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal | author=Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Saarnio J, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of the membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase isozyme XII in the human kidney and renal tumors. |journal=J. Histochem. Cytochem. |volume=48 |issue= 12 |pages= 1601-8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11101628 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Whittington DA, Waheed A, Ulmasov B, Shah GN, Grubb JH, Sly WS, Christianson DW | title = Crystal structure of the dimeric extracellular domain of human carbonic anhydrase XII, a bitopic membrane protein overexpressed in certain cancer tumor cells | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 98 | issue = 17 | pages = 9545–9550 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11493685 | pmc = 55489 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.161301298 |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wykoff CC, Beasley N, Watson PH, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of the hypoxia-inducible and tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=158 |issue= 3 |pages= 1011-9 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11238049 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Kivela AJ, Saarnio J, Karttunen TJ, Kivelä J, Parkkila AK, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila TS, Rajaniemi H | title = Differential expression of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrases, CA I and II, and membrane-associated isozymes, CA IX and XII, in normal mucosa of large intestine and in colorectal tumors | journal = Dig. Dis. Sci. | volume = 46 | issue = 10 | pages = 2179–2186 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11680594 | doi = 10.1023/A:1011910931210  |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal | author=Karhumaa P, Kaunisto K, Parkkila S, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of the transmembrane carbonic anhydrases, CA IX and CA XII, in the human male excurrent ducts. |journal=Mol. Hum. Reprod. |volume=7 |issue= 7 |pages= 611-6 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11420383 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Liao SY, Ivanov S, Ivanova A, Ghosh S, Cote MA, Keefe K, Coca-Prados M, Stanbridge EJ, Lerman MI | title = Expression of cell surface transmembrane carbonic anhydrase genes CA9 and CA12 in the human eye: overexpression of CA12 (CAXII) in glaucoma | journal = J. Med. Genet. | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 257–261 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12676895 | pmc = 1735430 | doi = 10.1136/jmg.40.4.257 |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal | author=Whittington DA, Waheed A, Ulmasov B, ''et al.'' |title=Crystal structure of the dimeric extracellular domain of human carbonic anhydrase XII, a bitopic membrane protein overexpressed in certain cancer tumor cells. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=98 |issue= 17 |pages= 9545-50 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11493685 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.161301298 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Leppilampi M, Saarnio J, Karttunen TJ, Kivelä J, Pastoreková S, Pastorek J, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S | title = Carbonic anhydrase isozymes IX and XII in gastric tumors | journal = World J. Gastroenterol. | volume = 9 | issue = 7 | pages = 1398–403 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12854129 | doi =   |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kivela AJ, Saarnio J, Karttunen TJ, ''et al.'' |title=Differential expression of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrases, CA I and II, and membrane-associated isozymes, CA IX and XII, in normal mucosa of large intestine and in colorectal tumors. |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=46 |issue= 10 |pages= 2179-86 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11680594 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Kyllönen MS, Parkkila S, Rajaniemi H, Waheed A, Grubb JH, Shah GN, Sly WS, Kaunisto K | title = Localization of carbonic anhydrase XII to the basolateral membrane of H+-secreting cells of mouse and rat kidney | journal = J. Histochem. Cytochem. | volume = 51 | issue = 9 | pages = 1217–24 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12923247 | doi = 10.1177/002215540305100912 |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Tarun AS, Bryant B, Zhai W, Solomon C, Shusterman D | title = Gene expression for carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in human nasal mucosa | journal = Chem. Senses | volume = 28 | issue = 7 | pages = 621–629 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14578124 | doi = 10.1093/chemse/bjg054 |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal | author=Liao SY, Ivanov S, Ivanova A, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of cell surface transmembrane carbonic anhydrase genes CA9 and CA12 in the human eye: overexpression of CA12 (CAXII) in glaucoma. |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=40 |issue= 4 |pages= 257-61 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12676895 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Kivela AJ, Parkkila S, Saarnio J, Karttunen TJ, Kivela J, Parkkila AK, Bartosova M, Mucha V, Novak M, Waheed A, Sly WS, Rajaniemi H, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J | title = Expression of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor and tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases IX and XII in normal and neoplastic colorectal mucosa | journal = World J. Gastroenterol. | volume = 11 | issue = 17 | pages = 2616–25 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15849821 | doi =   |name-list-format=vanc }}
*{{cite journal | author=Leppilampi M, Saarnio J, Karttunen TJ, ''et al.'' |title=Carbonic anhydrase isozymes IX and XII in gastric tumors. |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=9 |issue= 7 |pages= 1398-403 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12854129 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kyllönen MS, Parkkila S, Rajaniemi H, ''et al.'' |title=Localization of carbonic anhydrase XII to the basolateral membrane of H+-secreting cells of mouse and rat kidney. |journal=J. Histochem. Cytochem. |volume=51 |issue= 9 |pages= 1217-24 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12923247 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Tarun AS, Bryant B, Zhai W, ''et al.'' |title=Gene expression for carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in human nasal mucosa. |journal=Chem. Senses |volume=28 |issue= 7 |pages= 621-9 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14578124 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, ''et al.'' |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40-5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Kivela AJ, Parkkila S, Saarnio J, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor and tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases IX and XII in normal and neoplastic colorectal mucosa. |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=11 |issue= 17 |pages= 2616-25 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15849821 |doi=  }}
}}
{{refend}}
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{{Carbonic anhydrases}}

Revision as of 20:47, 26 November 2017

This article is about the enzyme. For other uses, see CA-12.
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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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Carbonic anhydrase 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CA12 gene.[1][2]

Function

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. This gene product is a type I membrane protein that is highly expressed in normal tissues, such as kidney, colon and pancreas, and has been found to be overexpressed in 10% of clear cell renal carcinomas. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene.[2]

Pathology

Loss of function mutations in the CAXII gene result in defects in fluids and carbonate secretions in the following diseases:

1) Cystic fibrosis-like syndrome with normal cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein levels [3][4][5][6][7][8]

2) Pancreatitis[9][10]

3) Sjögren's syndrome[10][11]

4) Xerostomia or dry mouth syndrome[5][6][7]

Molecular Basis of Cystic Fibrosis-like Syndrome

CAXII, with either the His121Gln or Glu143Lys mutation, localizes to basolateral membranes of polarized MDCK cells similar to the wild type enzyme, indicating no deleterious effect on subcellular location.[10]

However, CAXII mutant enzymes show reduced activity. These observations made it very hard to explain the mechanism for the autosomal recessive disorder of hyponatremia, causing salt wasting in sweat due to mutant CAXII.[3][4]

In a separate study, researchers observed that mutant enzyme activity is completely reduced at physiological concentrations of sodium chloride.[10] Thus, loss of the function of CAXII in sweat glands and lungs is the molecular basis for cystic fibrosis patients with normal CFTR levels.[10]

High Impact Information on CAXII

Differential modulation of the active site environment of CAXII by cationic quantum dots and polylysine helps design CAXII specific activators and inhibitors of the enzyme.[12] CAXII specific inhibition provides a tool to interfere with cell proliferation, resulting in cell apoptosis in T-cell lymphomas.[13]

Analytical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Context of CAXII

Serum CAXII levels should be applicable as a sero-diagnostic marker for lung cancer.[14]

References

  1. ↑ Türeci O, Sahin U, Vollmar E, Siemer S, Göttert E, Seitz G, Parkkila AK, Shah GN, Grubb JH, Pfreundschuh M, Sly WS (Aug 1998). "Human carbonic anhydrase XII: cDNA cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of a carbonic anhydrase gene that is overexpressed in some renal cell cancers". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (13): 7608–7613. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.13.7608. PMC 22698. PMID 9636197.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: CA12 carbonic anhydrase XII".
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Feldshtein, M; Elkrinawi, S; Yerushalmi, B; Marcus, B; Vullo, D; Romi, H; Ofir, R; Landau, D; Sivan, S; Supuran, CT; Birk, OS (12 November 2010). "Hyperchlorhidrosis caused by homozygous mutation in CA12, encoding carbonic anhydrase XII". American Journal of Human Genetics. 87 (5): 713–20. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.10.008. PMC 2978943. PMID 21035102.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Muhammad, E; Leventhal, N; Parvari, G; Hanukoglu, A; Hanukoglu, I; Chalifa-Caspi, V; Feinstein, Y; Weinbrand, J; Jacoby, H; Manor, E; Nagar, T; Beck, JC; Sheffield, VC; Hershkovitz, E; Parvari, R (April 2011). "Autosomal recessive hyponatremia due to isolated salt wasting in sweat associated with a mutation in the active site of Carbonic Anhydrase 12". Human Genetics. 129 (4): 397–405. doi:10.1007/s00439-010-0930-4. PMID 21184099.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hong, JH; Muhammad, E; Zheng, C; Hershkovitz, E; Alkrinawi, S; Loewenthal, N; Parvari, R; Muallem, S (15 December 2015). "Essential role of carbonic anhydrase XII in secretory gland fluid and HCO3 (-) secretion revealed by disease causing human mutation". The Journal of Physiology. 593 (24): 5299–312. doi:10.1113/jp271378. PMID 26486891.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lee, M; Vecchio-Pagán, B; Sharma, N; Waheed, A; Li, X; Raraigh, KS; Robbins, S; Han, ST; Franca, AL; Pellicore, MJ; Evans, TA; Arcara, KM; Nguyen, H; Luan, S; Belchis, D; Hertecant, J; Zabner, J; Sly, WS; Cutting, GR (23 February 2016). "Loss of carbonic anhydrase XII function in individuals with elevated sweat chloride concentration and pulmonary airway disease". Human Molecular Genetics. 25: 1923–1933. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddw065. PMID 26911677.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Purkerson, JM; Schwartz, GJ (January 2007). "The role of carbonic anhydrases in renal physiology". Kidney International. 71 (2): 103–15. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002020. PMID 17164835.
  8. ↑ Quinton, PM (December 2010). "Role of epithelial HCO3⁻ transport in mucin secretion: lessons from cystic fibrosis". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 299 (6): C1222–33. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00362.2010. PMC 3006319. PMID 20926781.
  9. ↑ Kivelä, AJ; Parkkila, S; Saarnio, J; Karttunen, TJ; Kivelä, J; Parkkila, AK; Pastoreková, S; Pastorek, J; Waheed, A; Sly, WS; Rajaniemi, H (September 2000). "Expression of transmembrane carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes IX and XII in normal human pancreas and pancreatic tumours". Histochemistry and cell biology. 114 (3): 197–204. doi:10.1007/s004180000181. PMID 11083462.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Lee, MG; Ohana, E; Park, HW; Yang, D; Muallem, S (January 2012). "Molecular mechanism of pancreatic and salivary gland fluid and HCO3 secretion". Physiological Reviews. 92 (1): 39–74. doi:10.1152/physrev.00011.2011. PMC 3667394. PMID 22298651.
  11. ↑ Almståhl, A; Wikström, M (May 2003). "Electrolytes in stimulated whole saliva in individuals with hyposalivation of different origins". Archives of oral biology. 48 (5): 337–44. doi:10.1016/s0003-9969(02)00200-5. PMID 12711377.
  12. ↑ Manokaran, S; Zhang, X; Chen, W; Srivastava, DK (June 2010). "Differential modulation of the active site environment of human carbonic anhydrase XII by cationic quantum dots and polylysine". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1804 (6): 1376–84. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.02.014. PMC 3181075. PMID 20215053.
  13. ↑ Lounnas, N; Rosilio, C; Nebout, M; Mary, D; Griessinger, E; Neffati, Z; Chiche, J; Spits, H; Hagenbeek, TJ; Asnafi, V; Poulsen, SA; Supuran, CT; Peyron, JF; Imbert, V (1 June 2013). "Pharmacological inhibition of carbonic anhydrase XII interferes with cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis in T-cell lymphomas". Cancer Letters. 333 (1): 76–88. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.020. PMID 23348702.
  14. ↑ Kobayashi, M; Matsumoto, T; Ryuge, S; Yanagita, K; Nagashio, R; Kawakami, Y; Goshima, N; Jiang, SX; Saegusa, M; Iyoda, A; Satoh, Y; Masuda, N; Sato, Y (2012). "CAXII Is a sero-diagnostic marker for lung cancer". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33952. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033952. PMC 3306309. PMID 22439015.

External links

Further reading

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