Pancreatic pseudocyst: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
A '''pancreatic [[pseudocyst]]''' is a circumscribed collection of fluid rich in [[amylase]] and other pancreatic [[enzyme|enzymes]], blood and necrotic tissue typically located in the [[lesser sac]]. It has a non-epithelialised lining made of granulation tissue and hence the name pseudocyst ''(pseudo - false)''. By contrast, true cysts have an [[epithelium|epithelial]] lining. This is typically a complication of acute [[pancreatitis]], but may also occur following [[abdominal trauma]]. | A '''pancreatic [[pseudocyst]]''' is a circumscribed collection of fluid rich in [[amylase]] and other pancreatic [[enzyme|enzymes]], blood and necrotic tissue typically located in the [[lesser sac]]. It has a non-epithelialised lining made of granulation tissue and hence the name pseudocyst ''(pseudo - false)''. By contrast, true cysts have an [[epithelium|epithelial]] lining. This is typically a complication of acute [[pancreatitis]], but may also occur following [[abdominal trauma]]. <ref>Cooperman AM. An overview of pancreatic pseudocysts: the emperor''s new clothes revisited. Surg Clin North Am. Apr 2001;81(2):391-7, xii.</ref> | ||
Pancreatic pseudocysts account for approximately 75% of all pancreatic masses. | Pancreatic pseudocysts account for approximately 75% of all pancreatic masses.<ref>Bradley EL, Gonzalez AC, Clements JL Jr. Acute pancreatic pseudocysts: incidence and implications. Ann Surg. Dec 1976;184(6):734-7.</ref> | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
| Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
===Imaging=== | ===Imaging<ref>Kim YH, Saini S, Sahani D, Hahn PF, Mueller PR, Auh YH. Imaging diagnosis of cystic pancreatic lesions: pseudocyst versus nonpseudocyst. Radiographics. May-Jun 2005;25(3):671-85.</ref>=== | ||
====[[Ultrasonography]]==== | ====[[Ultrasonography]]==== | ||
The role of ultrasonography in imaging the pancreas is limited by patient habitus, operator experience and the fact that the pancreas lies behind the stomach (and so a gas-filled stomach will obscure the pancreas).<ref>Aranha GV, Prinz RA, Esguerra AC, Greenlee HB. The nature and course of cystic pancreatic lesions diagnosed by ultrasound. Arch Surg. Apr 1983;118(4):486-8.</ref> | The role of ultrasonography in imaging the pancreas is limited by patient habitus, operator experience and the fact that the pancreas lies behind the stomach (and so a gas-filled stomach will obscure the pancreas).<ref>Aranha GV, Prinz RA, Esguerra AC, Greenlee HB. The nature and course of cystic pancreatic lesions diagnosed by ultrasound. Arch Surg. Apr 1983;118(4):486-8.</ref><ref>Brugge WR. The role of endoscopic ultrasound in pancreatic disorders. Int J Pancreatol. Aug 1996;20(1):1-10. </ref><ref>Laing FC, Gooding GA, Brown T, Leopold GR. Atypical pseudocysts of the pancreas: an ultrasonographic evaluation. J Clin Ultrasound. Feb 1979;7(1):27-33.</ref><ref>Lee CM, Chang-Chien CS, Lin DY, et al. The real-time ultrasonography of pancreatic pseudocyst: comparison of infected and noninfected pseudocysts. J Clin Ultrasound. Jul-Aug 1988;16(6):393-8.</ref> | ||
===[[Computerized tomography]]=== | ===[[Computerized tomography]]=== | ||
| Line 70: | Line 70: | ||
====[[MRCP|Magnetic Resonance Cholangio-pancreatography]]==== | ====[[MRCP|Magnetic Resonance Cholangio-pancreatography]]==== | ||
To establish the relationship of the pseudocyst to the pancreatic ducts | To establish the relationship of the pseudocyst to the pancreatic ducts.<ref>Dani R, Cundari AM, Nogueira CE, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in cystic lesions of the pancreas. Pancreas. Apr 2000;20(3):313-8.</ref> | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
A small pseudocyst that is not causing any symptoms may be managed conservatively. However, a large proportion of them will need some form of treatment, The interventions available are:<ref>Beebe DS, Bubrick MP, Onstad GR, Hitchcock CR. Management of pancreatic pseudocysts. Surg Gynecol Obstet. Dec 1984;159(6):562-4.</ref> | A small pseudocyst that is not causing any symptoms may be managed conservatively. However, a large proportion of them will need some form of treatment, The interventions available are:<ref>Beebe DS, Bubrick MP, Onstad GR, Hitchcock CR. Management of pancreatic pseudocysts. Surg Gynecol Obstet. Dec 1984;159(6):562-4.</ref><ref>Bradley EL, Clements JL Jr, Gonzalez AC. The natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts: a unified concept of management. Am J Surg. Jan 1979;137(1):135-41.</ref> | ||
* [[Gastroscopy|Endoscopic]] trans-gastric drainage | * [[Gastroscopy|Endoscopic]] trans-gastric drainage | ||
* Imaging guided percutaneous drainage<ref>Adams DB, Anderson MC. Percutaneous catheter drainage compared with internal drainage in the management of pancreatic pseudocyst. Ann Surg. Jun 1992;215(6):571-6; discussion 576-8.</ref><ref>Ahlawat SK, Charabaty-Pishvaian A, Jackson PG, Haddad NG. Single-step EUS-guided pancreatic pseudocyst drainage using a large channel linear array echoendoscope and cystotome: results in 11 patients. JOP. 2006;7(6):616-24.</ref> | * Imaging guided percutaneous drainage<ref>Adams DB, Anderson MC. Percutaneous catheter drainage compared with internal drainage in the management of pancreatic pseudocyst. Ann Surg. Jun 1992;215(6):571-6; discussion 576-8.</ref><ref>Ahlawat SK, Charabaty-Pishvaian A, Jackson PG, Haddad NG. Single-step EUS-guided pancreatic pseudocyst drainage using a large channel linear array echoendoscope and cystotome: results in 11 patients. JOP. 2006;7(6):616-24.</ref><ref>Criado E, De Stefano AA, Weiner TM, Jacques PF. Long term results of percutaneous catheter drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. Surg Gynecol Obstet. Oct 1992;175(4):293-8.</ref> | ||
* Laparoscopic / open cystogastrostomy<ref>Barragan B, Love L, Wachtel M, Griswold JA, Frezza EE. A comparison of anterior and posterior approaches for the surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst using laparoscopic cystogastrostomy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. Dec 2005;15(6):596-600.</ref> | * Laparoscopic / open cystogastrostomy<ref>Barragan B, Love L, Wachtel M, Griswold JA, Frezza EE. A comparison of anterior and posterior approaches for the surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst using laparoscopic cystogastrostomy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. Dec 2005;15(6):596-600.</ref><ref>Lang EK, Paolini RM, Pottmeyer A. The efficacy of palliative and definitive percutaneous versus surgical drainage of pancreatic abscesses and pseudocysts: a prospective study of 85 patients. South Med J. Jan 1991;84(1):55-64.</ref> | ||
==References & Additional Resources== | ==References & Additional Resources== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
* Luque-de Leon E, Sarr MG. Management of pseudocysts in chronic pancreatitis. In: Problems in General Surgery. Vol 15. Philadelpha: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;1998:123-44. | * Luque-de Leon E, Sarr MG. Management of pseudocysts in chronic pancreatitis. In: Problems in General Surgery. Vol 15. Philadelpha: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;1998:123-44. | ||
* Megibow AJ, Lavelle MT, Rofsky NM. MR imaging of the pancreas. Surg Clin North Am. Apr 2001;81(2):307-20, ix-x. | * Megibow AJ, Lavelle MT, Rofsky NM. MR imaging of the pancreas. Surg Clin North Am. Apr 2001;81(2):307-20, ix-x. | ||
Revision as of 16:19, 4 September 2012
| Pancreatic pseudocyst | |
 | |
|---|---|
| Pancreatic pseudocyst. Image courtesy of RadsWiki | |
| ICD-10 | K86.3 |
| ICD-9 | 577.2 |
| DiseasesDB | 9530 |
| MedlinePlus | 000272 |
| MeSH | D010192 |
For patient information click here
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Contributors: Cafer Zorkun M.D., PhD.
Overview
A pancreatic pseudocyst is a circumscribed collection of fluid rich in amylase and other pancreatic enzymes, blood and necrotic tissue typically located in the lesser sac. It has a non-epithelialised lining made of granulation tissue and hence the name pseudocyst (pseudo - false). By contrast, true cysts have an epithelial lining. This is typically a complication of acute pancreatitis, but may also occur following abdominal trauma. [1]
Pancreatic pseudocysts account for approximately 75% of all pancreatic masses.[2]
Pathophysiology
Acute pancreatitis results amongst other things in the disruption of pancreatic parenchyma and the ductal system. This results in extravasation of pancreatic enzymes which in turn digest the adjoining tissues. This results in a collection of fluid containing pancreatic enzymes, hemolysed blood and necrotic debris around the pancreas. The lesser sac being a potential space, the fluid collects here preferentially. This is called an acute pancreatic collection. Some of these collections resolve on their own as the patient recovers from the acute episode. However, others become more organised and get walled-off within a thick wall of granulation tissue and fibrosis. This takes several weeks to occur and results in a pancreatic pseudocyst.
Diagnosis
History
The questions that need to be answered are:
- Where, how big and how many?
- Is there a communication with the pancreatic ductal system? Draining such a pseudocyst carries an increased risk of pancreatic fistula.
Symptoms
Physical Examination
Abdomen
Laboratory Findings
- Amylase levels raised (plasma or serum)
- Lipase levels raised (plasma)
Imaging[3]
Ultrasonography
The role of ultrasonography in imaging the pancreas is limited by patient habitus, operator experience and the fact that the pancreas lies behind the stomach (and so a gas-filled stomach will obscure the pancreas).[4][5][6][7]
Computerized tomography
This is the gold standard for initial assessment and follow-up
-
Pancreatic pseudocyst -
Pancreatic pseudocyst -
Pancreatic pseudocyst -
Pancreatic pseudocyst -
Pancreatic pseudocyst -
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Magnetic Resonance Cholangio-pancreatography
To establish the relationship of the pseudocyst to the pancreatic ducts.[8]
Treatment
A small pseudocyst that is not causing any symptoms may be managed conservatively. However, a large proportion of them will need some form of treatment, The interventions available are:[9][10]
- Endoscopic trans-gastric drainage
- Imaging guided percutaneous drainage[11][12][13]
- Laparoscopic / open cystogastrostomy[14][15]
References & Additional Resources
- ↑ Cooperman AM. An overview of pancreatic pseudocysts: the emperors new clothes revisited. Surg Clin North Am. Apr 2001;81(2):391-7, xii.
- ↑ Bradley EL, Gonzalez AC, Clements JL Jr. Acute pancreatic pseudocysts: incidence and implications. Ann Surg. Dec 1976;184(6):734-7.
- ↑ Kim YH, Saini S, Sahani D, Hahn PF, Mueller PR, Auh YH. Imaging diagnosis of cystic pancreatic lesions: pseudocyst versus nonpseudocyst. Radiographics. May-Jun 2005;25(3):671-85.
- ↑ Aranha GV, Prinz RA, Esguerra AC, Greenlee HB. The nature and course of cystic pancreatic lesions diagnosed by ultrasound. Arch Surg. Apr 1983;118(4):486-8.
- ↑ Brugge WR. The role of endoscopic ultrasound in pancreatic disorders. Int J Pancreatol. Aug 1996;20(1):1-10.
- ↑ Laing FC, Gooding GA, Brown T, Leopold GR. Atypical pseudocysts of the pancreas: an ultrasonographic evaluation. J Clin Ultrasound. Feb 1979;7(1):27-33.
- ↑ Lee CM, Chang-Chien CS, Lin DY, et al. The real-time ultrasonography of pancreatic pseudocyst: comparison of infected and noninfected pseudocysts. J Clin Ultrasound. Jul-Aug 1988;16(6):393-8.
- ↑ Dani R, Cundari AM, Nogueira CE, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in cystic lesions of the pancreas. Pancreas. Apr 2000;20(3):313-8.
- ↑ Beebe DS, Bubrick MP, Onstad GR, Hitchcock CR. Management of pancreatic pseudocysts. Surg Gynecol Obstet. Dec 1984;159(6):562-4.
- ↑ Bradley EL, Clements JL Jr, Gonzalez AC. The natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts: a unified concept of management. Am J Surg. Jan 1979;137(1):135-41.
- ↑ Adams DB, Anderson MC. Percutaneous catheter drainage compared with internal drainage in the management of pancreatic pseudocyst. Ann Surg. Jun 1992;215(6):571-6; discussion 576-8.
- ↑ Ahlawat SK, Charabaty-Pishvaian A, Jackson PG, Haddad NG. Single-step EUS-guided pancreatic pseudocyst drainage using a large channel linear array echoendoscope and cystotome: results in 11 patients. JOP. 2006;7(6):616-24.
- ↑ Criado E, De Stefano AA, Weiner TM, Jacques PF. Long term results of percutaneous catheter drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. Surg Gynecol Obstet. Oct 1992;175(4):293-8.
- ↑ Barragan B, Love L, Wachtel M, Griswold JA, Frezza EE. A comparison of anterior and posterior approaches for the surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst using laparoscopic cystogastrostomy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. Dec 2005;15(6):596-600.
- ↑ Lang EK, Paolini RM, Pottmeyer A. The efficacy of palliative and definitive percutaneous versus surgical drainage of pancreatic abscesses and pseudocysts: a prospective study of 85 patients. South Med J. Jan 1991;84(1):55-64.
- Luque-de Leon E, Sarr MG. Management of pseudocysts in chronic pancreatitis. In: Problems in General Surgery. Vol 15. Philadelpha: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;1998:123-44.
- Megibow AJ, Lavelle MT, Rofsky NM. MR imaging of the pancreas. Surg Clin North Am. Apr 2001;81(2):307-20, ix-x.
- Morel P, Rohner A. Surgery for chronic pancreatitis. Surgery. Feb 1987;101(2):130-5.
- Morgan DE, Baron TH, Smith JK, et al. Pancreatic fluid collections prior to intervention: evaluation with MR imaging compared with CT and US. Radiology. Jun 1997;203(3):773-8.
- Pansky B. Pancreas. In: Review of Gross Anatomy. 4th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co;1979:332-3.
- Pitchumoni CS, Agarwal N. Pancreatic pseudocysts. When and how should drainage be performed?. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Sep 1999;28(3):615-39.
- Rao R, Fedorak I, Prinz RA. Effect of failed computed tomography-guided and endoscopic drainage on pancreatic pseudocyst management. Surgery. Oct 1993;114(4):843-7; discussion 847-9.
- Rattner DW, Warshaw AL. Surgical intervention in acute pancreatitis. Crit Care Med. Jan 1988;16(1):89-95.
- Scott-Conner C, Dawson DL. Internal drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. In: Operative Anatomy. Philadelphia: Lippincott;1993:427-30.
- Siegelman SS, Copeland BE, Saba GP, et al. CT of fluid collections associated with pancreatitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Jun 1980;134(6):1121-32.
- Stanley JC, Frey CF, Miller TA, et al. Major arterial hemorrhage: a complication of pancreatic pseudocysts and chronic pancreatitis. Arch Surg. Apr 1976;111(4):435-40.
- Teh SH, Pham TH, Lee A, Stavlo PL, Hanna AM, Moir C. Pancreatic pseudocyst in children: the impact of management strategies on outcome. J Pediatr Surg. Nov 2006;41(11):1889-93.
- vanSonnenberg E, Wittich GR, Casola G, et al. Percutaneous drainage of infected and noninfected pancreatic pseudocysts: experience in 101 cases. Radiology. Mar 1989;170(3 Pt 1):757-61.
- Vick CW, Simeone JF, Ferrucci JT Jr, et al. Pancreatitis-associated fluid collections involving the spleen: sonographic and computed tomographic appearance. Gastrointest Radiol. 1981;6(3):247-50.
- Vitas GJ, Sarr MG. Selected management of pancreatic pseudocysts: operative versus expectant management. Surgery. Feb 1992;111(2):123-30.
- Waltman AC, Luers PR, Athanasoulis CA, Warshaw AL. Massive arterial hemorrhage in patients with pancreatitis. Complementary roles of surgery and transcatheter occlusive techniques. Arch Surg. Apr 1986;121(4):439-43.
- Yeo CJ, Bastidas JA, Lynch-Nyhan A, et al. The natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts documented by computed tomography. Surg Gynecol Obstet. May 1990;170(5):411-7.