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| {{Flu}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Influenza virus]] |
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| {{SI}}
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| __NOTOC__
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| ==Overview==
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| '''H1N1''' is a subtype of the species [[Influenzavirus A| Influenza A virus]]. H1N1 has mutated into various strains including the [[Spanish Flu]] strain (now extinct in the wild), mild [[human]] flu strains, endemic pig strains, and various strains found in birds.
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| A variant of H1N1 was responsible for the [[Spanish flu]] [[pandemic]] that killed some 50 million to 100 million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1919 <ref>[http://www.nap.edu/books/0309095042/html/7.html NAP Book]</ref>. A different variant exists in pig populations. Controversy arose in October 2005, after the H1N1 [[genome]] was published in the journal [[Science (journal)|''Science'']]. Many fear that this information could be used for bioterrorism.
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| "When he compared the 1918 virus with today's human flu viruses, Dr. Taubenberger noticed that it had alterations in just 25 to 30 of the virus's 4,400 amino acids. Those few changes turned a bird virus into a killer that could spread from person to person." <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/08/science/08flu.html?pagewanted=2 New York Times]</ref>
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| Low pathogenic H1N1 strains still exist in the wild today, causing roughly half of all flu infections in 2006. <ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/ CDC]</ref>
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| ==Spanish Flu==
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| {{main|Spanish Flu}}
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| The [[Spanish Flu]], also known as La [[Grippe]], or La Pesadilla, was an unusually severe and deadly [[Strain (biology)|strain]] of [[avian influenza]], a [[virus|viral]] [[infectious]] [[disease]], that killed some 50 million to 100 million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1919. It is thought to have been one of the most deadly [[pandemic]]s so far in human history. It was caused by the H1N1 type of [[influenza]] virus, which is similar to bird flu of today, mainly [[H5N1]] and [[H5N2]].
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| The Spanish flu caused an unusual number of deaths because it, like [[H5N1]], caused a [[cytokine storm]] in the body. The virus infected lung cells, leading to overstimulation of the [[immune system]] via release of [[cytokine]] bursts into the [[lung]] tissue. This leads to extensive [[leukocyte]] migration towards the lungs, causing destruction of lung tissue and secretion of liquid into the lung, and making it difficult for the patient to breathe. Due to the nature of the infection, people with a normal healthy immune system were more susceptible to the disease, such as young adults compared to young children and the elderly.
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| ==Russian flu==
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| The '''Russian flu''' was a 1977-1978 [[flu]] [[epidemic]] caused by strain ''Influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1)''. It infected mostly children and young adults under 23 because a similar strain was prevalent in 1947-57, causing most adults to have substantial immunity. Some have called it a [[flu pandemic]] but because it only affected the young it is not considered a true pandemic. The virus was included in the 1978-1979 [[flu vaccine]].<ref> [http://www.cnn.com/interactive/health/0412/timeline.flu/content.6.html CNN] interactive health timeline box ''1977: Russian flu scare''</ref><ref> [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948035,00.html Time magazine] article ''Invasion from the Steppes'' published February 20, 1978</ref><ref> [http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/ops/hsc-scen-3_pandemic-influenza.htm Global Security] article ''Pandemic Influenza'' subsection ''Recent Pandemic Flu Scares''</ref><ref> [http://www.epi.hss.state.ak.us/bulletins/docs/b1978_09.htm State of Alaska Epidemiology Bulletin] Bulletin No. 9 - April 21, 1978 - RUSSIAN FLU CONFIRMED IN ALASKA </ref>
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Fujian flu]]
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| ==Sources==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| ;nontechnical
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| *[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/magazine/29flu.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&8hpib New York Times - Why Revive a Deadly Flu Virus? - By Jamie Shreeve - January 29, 2006] Six page human interest type story on the recreation of the deadly 1918 H1N1 flu virus.
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| *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5385894.stm BBC News - 1918 flu virus's secrets revealed] Results from analyzing a recreated strain.
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| *[http://www.demog.berkeley.edu/~andrew/1918/ Public available data]
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| *[http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/107 Oral history by 1918 pandemic survivor]
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| ;technical
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| *[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8009840&dopt=Citation Recent influenza A (H1N1) infections of pigs and turkeys in northern Europe]
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| *[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000863.htm Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Influenza A(H1N1) Associated With Mild Illness in a Nursing Home -- Maine]
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| *[http://www.thepigsite.com/BusinessDirectory/Focus.asp?Display=2884 Swine Influenza Vaccine, H1N1 & H3N2, Killed Virus]
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| *[http://www.pighealth.com/influenza.htm Influenza Virus Infections of Pigs]
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| *[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/5/2115 H1N1-influenza as Lazarus: Genomic resurrection from the tomb of an unknown]
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| {{Influenza}}
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| [[es:H1N1]]
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| [[fr:H1N1]]
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| [[Category:Influenza]]
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| [[Category:Pandemics]]
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| [[Category:Viruses]]
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| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
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