Hyporeflexia: Difference between revisions

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VisualWikitext

Revision as of 01:40, 15 November 2015

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Hyporeflexia is the opposite of hyperreflexia: the presence of below normal or absent reflexes. It can be tested for by using a reflex hammer. Hyporeflexia is generally associated with a lower motor neuron deficit (lower motor neuron dysfunction) at the alpha motor neurons from the spinal cord to muscle; whereas, hyperreflexia is often attributed to upper motor neuron lesions (along the long motor tracts from the brain).

Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Nerve conduction studies
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

Differential Diagnosis

In alphabetical order. ^[1] ^[2]

Brachial or lumbosacral plexopathy
Cauda equina syndrome
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Isolated peripheral nerve injury/dysfunction
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
Motor neuron disease
Multifocal motor neuropathy
Myopathy
Obesity
Peripheral neuropathy
Radiculopathy
Spinal shock

Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3] Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [4]

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning	Polyethylene glycol
Dermatologic	Carbohydrate malabsorption, malabsorption , HIV related malabsorption, intestinal tuberculosis, tropical sprue, whipple's disease
Drug Side Effect	Acetaminophen, acarbose, acamprosate calcium, albuterol , bexarotene, bupropion, butalbital, calcium carbonate , levodopa and carbidopa, cevimeline, cidofovir, chloral hydrate, citalopram , clindamycin, codeine, denosumab, disopyramide, dolutegravir, dulaglutide , etodolac, exenatide, flurbiprofen, glipizide, glycopyrrolate, lactulose, lanreotide, lisinopril, lithium, lovastatin, medications, megestrol acetate, megestrol, meropenem, mesalazine, metformin, midodrine, misoprostol, miglitol, modafinil, moxifloxacin, naproxen, niacin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, octreotide, ofloxacin, oxaprozin, pantoprazole, pergolide, polyethylene glycol, piroxicam, rabeprazole, Human chorionic gonadotropin, rifampicin, ritonavir, simethicone, simvastatin, sotalol, sunitinib, tacrolimus, tramadol, thalidomide, tolcapone, tolmetin, varenicline, vilazodone
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Pancreatic cancer, pancreatic disease, pancreatic insufficiency
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Abdominal surgery, aerophagia, alteration of intestinal motility, amebiasis, biliary disease, blastocystis, bowel fermentation, caffeine, carcinoid tumors, celiac disease, cholesterolosis, chronic constipation in adults, chronic diarrhea in developed countries, chronic functional constipation and fecal incontinence in infants and children, chronic mesenteric ischemia, cirrhosis of liver, crohn's disease, diverticulitis, diverticulosis, fecal incontinence in infants and children, gallbladder disease, gallbladder disorders, gallbladder polyps, gallstone ileus, gallstones, gastric intestinal metaplasia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastrointestinal toxicity of radiation therapy, giardiasis, hepatic encephalopathy in adults, hypersalivation, intermittent bowel obstruction, human growth hormone, intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal motility disorders, intestinal obstruction, irritable bowel syndrome, lactase deficiency, metorchis, pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatic insufficiency, pneumatosis intestinalis, postoperative ileus, probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases, short bowel syndrome , small bowel diverticular, swallowed air, lactase deficiency, metorchis, pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatic insufficiency, pneumatosis intestinalis, postoperative ileus, probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases, short bowel syndrome, small bowel diverticular , swallowed air
Genetic	Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, cystic fibrosis, colon cancer , enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma, glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Amebiasis, blastomycosis, clonorchis, clostridium difficile, colonic bacterial fermentation, cyclospora infection, dientamoeba fragilis, giardiasis, hookworm infection, metorchis, opisthorchis, small intestine bacterial infection
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Abdominal surgery
Neurologic	Hepatic encephalopathy in adults
Nutritional / Metabolic	Acarbose, apples, beans, bowel fermentation, brussel sprouts, cabbage, caffeine, malabsorption, carbonated beverages, chewing gum, chronic diarrhea in developed countries, crayfish, dietary factors, eating too quickly, food allergies, glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, gut fermentation, herbal products, high fiber diet, high legume diet,increased intake of fructose, increased intake of lactose, increased intake of sorbitol, introducing solid foods and vitamin and mineral supplementation during infancy, lactase deficiency, lactulose, lobster, tropical sprue, traveler's diarrhea, mixed nuts, metabolic syndrome, obesity, onions, peanut, pork, prunes, raisins, shellfish, shrimp, undigestible starches in fruits, undigestible starches in vegetables, undigestible starches legumes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Colon cancer, anal cancer, carcinoid tumors, cirrhosis of liver, enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma, pancreatic carcinoma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	Aerophagia , anxiety
Pulmonary	Pneumatosis intestinalis
Renal / Electrolyte	Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	3-month infant due immature gut, aerophagia, eating too quickly, fecal incontinence in infants and children, habitual air swallowing, normal in healthy individuals, normal infant, normal physical needs, obesity

Causes in Alphabetical Order

3

References

↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X

Template:WH Template:WS

Hyporeflexia: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 01:40, 15 November 2015

Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Differential Diagnosis

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

References

See also

Navigation menu

@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 * [[Spinal shock]]
-== Treatment ==
+__NOTOC__
-* Treat underlying etiologies
+{{Flatulence}}
-* [[Plasmapheresis]]
+Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here.  It's easy!  Click  [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]]  to learn about editing
-* [[Intravenous immunoglobulin]] ([[IVIG]])
-* [[Physical therapy]]
+{{CMG}} {{CLG}}
+==Causes==
+===Life Threatening Causes===
+Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
+===Common Causes===
+* [[Acetaminophen]]
+* [[Albuterol ]]
+* [[Biliary disease]]
+* [[Caffeine]]
+* [[Cystic fibrosis]]
+* [[Clostridium difficile]]
+* [[Diverticulitis]]
+* [[Lisinopril]]
+* [[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
+* [[Intermittent bowel obstruction]]
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Obesity]]
+===Causes by Organ System===
+{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Polyethylene glycol]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dermatologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| Carbohydrate malabsorption, [[malabsorption ]],  [[HIV]] related malabsorption, intestinal [[tuberculosis]], [[tropical sprue]], [[whipple's disease]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Drug Side Effect'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acetaminophen]], [[acarbose]], [[acamprosate calcium]], [[albuterol ]], [[bexarotene]], [[bupropion]], [[butalbital]], [[calcium carbonate ]], [[levodopa and carbidopa]], [[cevimeline]], [[cidofovir]], [[chloral hydrate]], [[citalopram ]], [[clindamycin]], [[codeine]], [[denosumab]], [[disopyramide]], [[dolutegravir]], [[dulaglutide ]], [[etodolac]], [[exenatide]], [[flurbiprofen]], [[glipizide]], [[glycopyrrolate]], [[lactulose]], [[lanreotide]], [[lisinopril]], [[lithium]], [[lovastatin]], [[medications]], [[megestrol acetate]], [[megestrol]], [[meropenem]], [[mesalazine]], [[metformin]], [[midodrine]], [[misoprostol]], [[miglitol]], [[modafinil]], [[moxifloxacin]], [[naproxen]], [[niacin]], [[nitrofurantoin]], [[norfloxacin]], [[octreotide]], [[ofloxacin]], [[oxaprozin]], [[pantoprazole]], [[pergolide]], [[polyethylene glycol]], [[piroxicam]], [[rabeprazole]], [[Human chorionic gonadotropin]], [[rifampicin]], [[ritonavir]], [[simethicone]], [[simvastatin]], [[sotalol]], [[sunitinib]], [[tacrolimus]], [[tramadol]], [[thalidomide]], [[tolcapone]], [[tolmetin]], [[varenicline]], [[vilazodone]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Endocrine'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[pancreatic disease]], [[pancreatic insufficiency]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Environmental'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Gastroenterologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abdominal surgery]], [[aerophagia]], alteration of intestinal motility, [[amebiasis]], [[biliary disease]], blastocystis, bowel fermentation, [[caffeine]], [[carcinoid tumors]], [[celiac disease]], [[cholesterolosis]], chronic constipation in adults, chronic diarrhea in developed countries, chronic functional constipation and fecal incontinence in infants and children, chronic mesenteric ischemia, [[cirrhosis of liver]], [[crohn's disease]], [[diverticulitis]], [[diverticulosis]], fecal incontinence in infants and children, [[gallbladder disease]], gallbladder disorders, [[gallbladder polyps]], [[gallstone ileus]], [[gallstones]], gastric intestinal metaplasia, [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]], gastrointestinal toxicity of radiation therapy, [[giardiasis]], [[hepatic encephalopathy in adults]], [[hypersalivation]], [[intermittent bowel obstruction]], [[human growth hormone]], [[intestinal bacterial overgrowth]], [[intestinal motility disorders]], [[intestinal obstruction]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[lactase deficiency]], [[metorchis]], [[pancreatic carcinoma]], [[pancreatic insufficiency]], [[pneumatosis intestinalis]], [[postoperative ileus]], [[probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases]], [[short bowel syndrome ]], [[small bowel diverticular]], [[swallowed air]], [[lactase deficiency]], [[metorchis]], [[pancreatic carcinoma]], [[pancreatic insufficiency]], [[pneumatosis intestinalis]], [[postoperative ileus]], [[probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases]], [[short bowel syndrome]], [[small bowel diverticular ]], [[swallowed air]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Genetic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[colon cancer ]], [[enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma]], [[glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Hematologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Iatrogenic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Infectious Disease'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amebiasis]], [[blastomycosis]], [[clonorchis]], [[clostridium difficile]], [[colonic bacterial fermentation]], [[cyclospora infection]], [[dientamoeba fragilis]], [[giardiasis]], [[hookworm infection]], [[metorchis]], [[opisthorchis]], [[small intestine bacterial infection]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abdominal surgery]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Neurologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hepatic encephalopathy in adults]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acarbose]], apples, beans, bowel fermentation, brussel sprouts, cabbage, [[caffeine]], [[malabsorption]], carbonated beverages, chewing gum, chronic diarrhea in developed countries, [[crayfish]], dietary factors, eating too quickly, [[food allergies]], [[glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency]], [[gut fermentation]], herbal products, high fiber diet, high legume diet,increased intake of fructose, increased intake of lactose, increased intake of sorbitol, introducing solid foods and vitamin and mineral supplementation during infancy, [[lactase deficiency]], [[lactulose]], [[lobster]], [[tropical sprue]], [[traveler's diarrhea]], [[mixed nuts]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[obesity]], [[onions]], [[peanut]], [[pork]], prunes, raisins, [[shellfish]], shrimp, undigestible starches in fruits, undigestible starches in vegetables, undigestible starches legumes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Oncologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ Colon cancer]], [[anal cancer]], [[carcinoid tumors]], [[cirrhosis of liver]], [[enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma]], [[pancreatic carcinoma]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ophthalmologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Psychiatric'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Aerophagia ]], [[anxiety]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Pulmonary'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pneumatosis intestinalis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Sexual'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Trauma'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Urologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Miscellaneous'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[3-month infant due immature gut]], [[aerophagia]], eating too quickly, [[fecal incontinence in infants and children]], [[habitual air swallowing]], [[normal in healthy individuals]], [[normal infant]], [[normal physical needs]], [[obesity]]
+|-
+|}
+===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+{{columns-list|3|
+* 3-month infant
+* Abdominal surgery
+* [[Acarbose]]
+* [[Acetaminophen]]
+* [[Aerophagia]]
+* [[Albuterol]]
+* Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
+* Alteration of intestinal motility
+* [[Amebiasis]]
+* [[Anal cancer]]
+* [[Anxiety]]
+* Apples
+* [[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]
+* Beans
+* [[Bexarotene]]
+* [[Biliary disease]]
+* [[Blastocystis]]
+* Bowel fermentation
+* Brussel sprouts
+* [[Bupropion]]
+* [[Butalbital]]
+* Cabbage
+* [[Caffeine]]
+* [[Calcium carbonate]]
+* [[Levodopa and Carbidopa]]
+* Carbohydrate malabsorption
+* Carbonated beverages
+* [[Carcinoid tumors]]
+* [[Colon cancer]]
+* [[Celiac disease]]
+* [[Cevimeline]]
+* Chewing gum
+* [[Chloral hydrate]]
+* [[Cholesterolosis]]
+* Chronic constipation in adults
+* Chronic diarrhea in developed countries
+* Chronic functional constipation and fecal incontinence in infants and children
+* Chronic mesenteric ischemia
+* [[Cirrhosis of liver]]
+* [[Citalopram]]
+* [[Clindamycin]]
+* [[Clonorchis]]
+* Clostridium difficile
+* [[Codeine]]
+* Colonic bacterial fermentation
+* [[Crayfish]]
+* [[Crohn's disease]]
+* [[Cyclosporiasis]]
+* [[Cystic fibrosis]]
+* [[Denosumab]]
+* [[Dientamoeba fragilis]]
+* Dietary factors
+* [[Disopyramide]]
+* [[Diverticulitis]]
+* [[Diverticulosis]]
+* Dulaglutide
+* Eating too quickly
+* [[Eluxadoline]]
+* [[Enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma]]
+* [[Etodolac]]
+* [[Exenatide]]
+* Fecal incontinence in infants and children
+* [[Food allergies]]
+* [[Gallbladder disease]]
+* [[Gallbladder polyps]]
+* [[Gallstone ileus]]
+* [[Gallstones]]
+* Gas-containing sodas
+* Gastric intestinal metaplasia
+* [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]]
+* Gastrointestinal toxicity of radiation therapy
+* [[Giardiasis]]
+* [[Glipizide]]
+* [[Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency]]
+* [[Glycopyrrolate]]
+* Gut fermentation
+* Habitual air swallowing
+* [[Hepatic Encephalopathy]]
+* Herbal products
+* High fibre diet
+* High legume diet
+* High-fiber diet
+* [[Human chorionic gonadotropin]]
+* [[Hookworm]]
+* [[Hypersalivation]]
+* Increased intake of fructose
+* Increased intake of lactose
+* Increased intake of sorbitol
+* Intermittent bowel obstruction
+* Intestinal bacterial overgrowth
+* Intestinal motility disorders
+* Intestinal obstruction
+* Introducing solid foods and vitamin and mineral supplementation during infancy
+* [[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
+* Lactose intolerance
+* [[Lactulose]]
+* Lipase inhibitors
+* [[Lisinopril]]
+* [[Lithium]]
+* [[Lobster]]
+* [[Lovastatin]]
+* Malabsorption
+* [[Megestrol acetate]]
+* [[Mesenteric ischemia]]
+* [[Mesalazine]]
+* [[Metformin]]
+* Metorchis
+* [[Midodrine]]
+* [[Miglitol]]
+* [[Modafinil]]
+* [[Moxifloxacin]]
+* [[Naproxen]]
+* [[Nitrofurantoin]]
+* [[Norfloxacin]]
+* Normal in healthy individuals
+* Normal infant
+* Normal physical needs
+* [[Nuts]]
+* [[Obesity]]
+* [[Octreotide]]
+* [[Ofloxacin]]
+* Onions
+* [[Opisthorchiasis]]
+* [[Pancreatic cancer]]
+* [[Pancreatic disease]]
+* [[Pancreatic insufficiency]]
+* Peanuts
+* [[Pneumatosis intestinalis]]
+* [[Polyethylene glycol]]
+* [[Pork]]
+* Postoperative ileus
+* [[Probiotics]]
+* Prunes
+* Raisins
+* [[Human chorionic gonadotropin]]
+* [[Human growth hormone]]
+* [[Rifampicin]]
+* [[Ritonavir]]
+* Shellfish
+* [[Short bowel syndrome]]
+* Shrimp
+* [[Simethicone]]
+* [[Simvastatin]]
+* Small bowel diverticular
+* Small intestine bacterial infection
+* [[Sotalol]]
+* Stomach infection
+* [[Sunitinib]]
+* Swallowed air
+* [[Tacrolimus]]
+* [[Thalidomide]]
+* [[Tolcapone]]
+* [[Tramadol]]
+* undigestible starches in fruits
+* undigestible starches legumes
+* [[Wallnuts]]
+* Undigestible starches in vegetables
+}}
+==References==
+{{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Reflexes]]
+[[Category:primary care]]
+[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
+[[Category:Methane]]
+[[Category:Needs overview]]
+[[Category:Needs content]]
+[[Category:Needs causes]]
+{{WH}}
+{{WS}}
 == References ==