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==Overview==
 
Common causes of esophageal stricture include [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]] and caustic ingestions.
 
==Causes==
===Life-threatening Causes===
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of esophageal stricture, however complications resulting from untreated esophageal stricture is common.
===Common Causes===
Esophageal stricture may be caused by:<ref name="pmid1483661">{{cite journal |vauthors=Csendes A, Braghetto I |title=Surgical management of esophageal strictures |journal=Hepatogastroenterology |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=502–10 |year=1992 |pmid=1483661 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]]<ref name="pmid8338082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marks RD, Richter JE |title=Peptic strictures of the esophagus |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=1160–73 |year=1993 |pmid=8338082 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Caustic ingestions<ref name="pmid4020540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wasserman RL, Ginsburg CM |title=Caustic substance injuries |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=169–74 |year=1985 |pmid=4020540 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors<ref name="pmid7713784">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coia LR, Myerson RJ, Tepper JE |title=Late effects of radiation therapy on the gastrointestinal tract |journal=Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=1213–36 |year=1995 |pmid=7713784 |doi=10.1016/0360-3016(94)00419-L |url=}}</ref>
 
===Less Common Causes===
Less common causes of esophageal stricture include:
* Esophageal [[sclerotherapy]]<ref name="pmid1928999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guynn TP, Eckhauser FE, Knol JA, Raper SE, Mulholland MW, Nostrant TT, Elta GH, Barnett JL |title=Injection sclerotherapy-induced esophageal strictures. Risk factors and prognosis |journal=Am Surg |volume=57 |issue=9 |pages=567–71; discussion 571–2 |year=1991 |pmid=1928999 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Eosinophilic esophagitis]]<ref name="FurutaIngelfinger2015">{{cite journal|last1=Furuta|first1=Glenn T.|last2=Ingelfinger|first2=Julie R.|last3=Katzka|first3=David A.|title=Eosinophilic Esophagitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=373|issue=17|year=2015|pages=1640–1648|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1502863}}</ref>
 
*[[Dyskeratosis congenita|Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)]]<ref name="pmid23279657">{{cite journal| author=Jonassaint NL, Guo N, Califano JA, Montgomery EA, Armanios M| title=The gastrointestinal manifestations of telomere-mediated disease. | journal=Aging Cell | year= 2013 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 319-23 | pmid=23279657 | doi=10.1111/acel.12041 | pmc=3602337 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23279657  }}</ref>
*Rare dermatologic diseases (eg, [[epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica]])<ref name="pmid27384758">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guerra-Leal JD, Meester I, Cantu-Gonzalez JR, Ornelas-Cortinas G, Montemayor-Martinez A, Salas-Alanis JC |title=The Importance of Esophagography in Patients With Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume= |issue= |pages=1–4 |year=2016 |pmid=27384758 |doi=10.2214/AJR.16.16115 |url=}}</ref>
*Mediastinal fibrosis due to [[TB|tuberclosis]] or idiopathic [[fibrosing mediastinitis]]<ref name="pmid7665827">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goenka MK, Gupta NM, Kochhar R, Rungta U, Vaiphei K, Nagi B, Suri S |title=Mediastinal fibrosis: an unusual cause of esophageal stricture |journal=J. Clin. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=331–3 |year=1995 |pmid=7665827 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Drug-induced stricture:<ref name="pmid3606243">{{cite journal| author=Bonavina L, DeMeester TR, McChesney L, Schwizer W, Albertucci M, Bailey RT| title=Drug-induced esophageal strictures. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1987 | volume= 206 | issue= 2 | pages= 173-83 | pmid=3606243 | doi= | pmc=1493104 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3606243  }}</ref>
**[[Aspirin]] and [[Anti-inflammatory medication|anti-inflammatory medications]]<ref name="pmid6825537">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kikendall JW, Friedman AC, Oyewole MA, Fleischer D, Johnson LF |title=Pill-induced esophageal injury. Case reports and review of the medical literature |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=174–82 |year=1983 |pmid=6825537 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**[[Tetracycline]]
**[[Doxycycline]]
**[[Clindamycin]]
**[[Bisphosphonates]]
**[[Potassium chloride]]
**[[Quinidine]] preparations
**[[Iron]] compounds
**[[Emepronium]]
**[[Alprenolol]]
**[[Pinaverium]] 
 
* [[Infectious esophagitis]]<ref name="pmid247196002">{{cite journal| author=Wilcox CM| title=Overview of infectious esophagitis. | journal=Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) | year= 2013 | volume= 9 | issue= 8 | pages= 517-9 | pmid=24719600 | doi= | pmc=3980995 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24719600 }}</ref>
:*      [[Candida]]
:*      [[Herpes simplex virus (HSV)]]
:*      [[Cytomegalovirus|Cytomegalovirus (CMV)]]
:*      [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]]
* [[Tracheoesophageal fistula]] repair and esophageal stricture at the anastomosis<ref name="pmid25755944">{{cite journal| author=Lakoma A, Fallon SC, Mathur S, Kim ES| title=Use of Mitomycin C for Refractory Esophageal Stricture following Tracheoesophageal Fistula Repair. | journal=European J Pediatr Surg Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 24-6 | pmid=25755944 | doi=10.1055/s-0033-1341418 | pmc=4335951 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25755944 }}</ref>
* [[Esophageal diverticulum|Esophageal diverticula]]<ref name="Smith2015">{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=C. Daniel|title=Esophageal Strictures and Diverticula|journal=Surgical Clinics of North America|volume=95|issue=3|year=2015|pages=669–681|issn=00396109|doi=10.1016/j.suc.2015.02.017}}</ref>
* Increased level of gastric acid exposure to esophageal tissue, for example:
**[[Systemic sclerosis]]<ref name="Ebert2008">{{cite journal|last1=Ebert|first1=Ellen C.|title=Esophageal disease in progressive systemic sclerosis|journal=Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology|volume=11|issue=1|year=2008|pages=64–69|issn=1092-8472|doi=10.1007/s11938-008-0008-8}}</ref>
**[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]<ref name="LuedtkeLevine2003">{{cite journal|last1=Luedtke|first1=Pia|last2=Levine|first2=Marc S.|last3=Rubesin|first3=Stephen E.|last4=Weinstein|first4=Donald S.|last5=Laufer|first5=Igor|title=Radiologic Diagnosis of Benign Esophageal Strictures: A Pattern Approach|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=23|issue=4|year=2003|pages=897–909|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.234025717}}</ref>
**[[Nasogastric tube]] placement<ref name="LuedtkeLevine2003" />
**[[Heller myotomy]] for [[achalasia]]<ref name="pmid1863166">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferguson MK |title=Achalasia: current evaluation and therapy |journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=336–42 |year=1991 |pmid=1863166 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
===Causes by Organ System===
 
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
|-
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |Caustic ingestion
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Dyskeratosis congenita|Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)]], [[epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |Drug-induced stricture:<ref name="pmid3606243" />
*[[Aspirin]] and [[Anti-inflammatory medication|anti-inflammatory medications]]<ref name="pmid6825537" />
*[[Tetracycline]]
*[[Doxycycline]]
*[[Clindamycin]]
*[[Bisphosphonates]]
*[[Potassium chloride]]
*[[Quinidine]] preparations
*[[Iron]] compounds
*[[Emepronium]]
*[[Alprenolol]]
*[[Pinaverium]] 
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]],
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Gastroesophageal reflux disease, [[Eosinophilic esophagitis]], [[Zenker's diverticulum|Esophageal diverticula]], [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]], [[Systemic sclerosis]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Previous surgery on the esophagus, Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors, Esophageal sclerotherapy,[[Tracheoesophageal fistula]] repair, [[Nasogastric tube]] placement, [[Heller myotomy]] for [[achalasia]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |Infectious esophagitis
*''[[Candida]]'' 
*[[Herpes simplex virus]] (HSV)
*[[Cytomegalovirus]] (CMV)
*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV)
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic [[Mediastinitis|fibrosing mediastinitis]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Systemic sclerosis]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
* Caustic ingestions
 
* Drug-induced stricture
* Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)
* Eosinophilic esophagitis
* Esophageal diverticula
* Esophageal sclerotherapy
* Gastroesophageal reflux disease
* Increased level of gastric acid exposure to esophageal tissue
* Infectious esophagitis
* Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis
* Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors
* Rare dermatologic diseases (eg, epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica)
* [[Tracheoesophageal fistula]] repair and esophageal stricture at the anastomosis
 
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
 
{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category: (name of the system)]]

Revision as of 15:10, 18 October 2017

_NOTOC__

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]


Overview

Common causes of esophageal stricture include gastroesophageal reflux disease and caustic ingestions.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of esophageal stricture, however complications resulting from untreated esophageal stricture is common.

Common Causes

Esophageal stricture may be caused by:[1]

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of esophageal stricture include:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning Caustic ingestion
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Dyskeratosis congenita (DC), epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica
Drug Side Effect Drug-induced stricture:[10]
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Zollinger-Ellison syndrome,
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Eosinophilic esophagitis, Esophageal diverticula, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, Systemic sclerosis
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Previous surgery on the esophagus, Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors, Esophageal sclerotherapy,Tracheoesophageal fistula repair, Nasogastric tube placement, Heller myotomy for achalasia
Infectious Disease Infectious esophagitis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Systemic sclerosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.

  • Caustic ingestions
  • Drug-induced stricture
  • Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)
  • Eosinophilic esophagitis
  • Esophageal diverticula
  • Esophageal sclerotherapy
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease
  • Increased level of gastric acid exposure to esophageal tissue
  • Infectious esophagitis
  • Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis
  • Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors
  • Rare dermatologic diseases (eg, epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica)
  • Tracheoesophageal fistula repair and esophageal stricture at the anastomosis

References

  1. ↑ Csendes A, Braghetto I (1992). "Surgical management of esophageal strictures". Hepatogastroenterology. 39 (6): 502–10. PMID 1483661.
  2. ↑ Marks RD, Richter JE (1993). "Peptic strictures of the esophagus". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 88 (8): 1160–73. PMID 8338082.
  3. ↑ Wasserman RL, Ginsburg CM (1985). "Caustic substance injuries". J. Pediatr. 107 (2): 169–74. PMID 4020540.
  4. ↑ Coia LR, Myerson RJ, Tepper JE (1995). "Late effects of radiation therapy on the gastrointestinal tract". Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 31 (5): 1213–36. doi:10.1016/0360-3016(94)00419-L. PMID 7713784.
  5. ↑ Guynn TP, Eckhauser FE, Knol JA, Raper SE, Mulholland MW, Nostrant TT, Elta GH, Barnett JL (1991). "Injection sclerotherapy-induced esophageal strictures. Risk factors and prognosis". Am Surg. 57 (9): 567–71, discussion 571–2. PMID 1928999.
  6. ↑ Furuta, Glenn T.; Ingelfinger, Julie R.; Katzka, David A. (2015). "Eosinophilic Esophagitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (17): 1640–1648. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1502863. ISSN 0028-4793.
  7. ↑ Jonassaint NL, Guo N, Califano JA, Montgomery EA, Armanios M (2013). "The gastrointestinal manifestations of telomere-mediated disease". Aging Cell. 12 (2): 319–23. doi:10.1111/acel.12041. PMC 3602337. PMID 23279657.
  8. ↑ Guerra-Leal JD, Meester I, Cantu-Gonzalez JR, Ornelas-Cortinas G, Montemayor-Martinez A, Salas-Alanis JC (2016). "The Importance of Esophagography in Patients With Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa". AJR Am J Roentgenol: 1–4. doi:10.2214/AJR.16.16115. PMID 27384758.
  9. ↑ Goenka MK, Gupta NM, Kochhar R, Rungta U, Vaiphei K, Nagi B, Suri S (1995). "Mediastinal fibrosis: an unusual cause of esophageal stricture". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 20 (4): 331–3. PMID 7665827.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Bonavina L, DeMeester TR, McChesney L, Schwizer W, Albertucci M, Bailey RT (1987). "Drug-induced esophageal strictures". Ann Surg. 206 (2): 173–83. PMC 1493104. PMID 3606243.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kikendall JW, Friedman AC, Oyewole MA, Fleischer D, Johnson LF (1983). "Pill-induced esophageal injury. Case reports and review of the medical literature". Dig. Dis. Sci. 28 (2): 174–82. PMID 6825537.
  12. ↑ Wilcox CM (2013). "Overview of infectious esophagitis". Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 9 (8): 517–9. PMC 3980995. PMID 24719600.
  13. ↑ Lakoma A, Fallon SC, Mathur S, Kim ES (2013). "Use of Mitomycin C for Refractory Esophageal Stricture following Tracheoesophageal Fistula Repair". European J Pediatr Surg Rep. 1 (1): 24–6. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1341418. PMC 4335951. PMID 25755944.
  14. ↑ Smith, C. Daniel (2015). "Esophageal Strictures and Diverticula". Surgical Clinics of North America. 95 (3): 669–681. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2015.02.017. ISSN 0039-6109.
  15. ↑ Ebert, Ellen C. (2008). "Esophageal disease in progressive systemic sclerosis". Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology. 11 (1): 64–69. doi:10.1007/s11938-008-0008-8. ISSN 1092-8472.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Luedtke, Pia; Levine, Marc S.; Rubesin, Stephen E.; Weinstein, Donald S.; Laufer, Igor (2003). "Radiologic Diagnosis of Benign Esophageal Strictures: A Pattern Approach". RadioGraphics. 23 (4): 897–909. doi:10.1148/rg.234025717. ISSN 0271-5333.
  17. ↑ Ferguson MK (1991). "Achalasia: current evaluation and therapy". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 52 (2): 336–42. PMID 1863166.

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