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| {{drugbox
| | #REDIRECT [[Trovafloxacin mesylate]] |
| | IUPAC_name = 7-(6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl)- 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)- 6-fluoro-4-oxo-[1,8] naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
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| | image = Trovafloxacin.png
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| | CAS_number = 147059-72-1
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| | ATC_prefix = J01
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| | ATC_suffix = MA13
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| | ATC_supplemental =
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| | PubChem = 62959
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| | DrugBank = APRD01281
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| | C=20 | H=15 | F=3 | N=4 | O=3
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| | molecular_weight = 416.353 g/mol
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| | bioavailability =
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| | protein_bound =
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| | metabolism =
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| | elimination_half-life =
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| }}
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| {{SI}}
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| '''Trovafloxacin''' (sold as '''Trovan®''' by [[Pfizer]]) is a broad spectrum [[antibiotic]] that inhibits the uncoiling of [[supercoiling|supercoiled]] [[DNA]] in various [[bacteria]] by blocking the activity of [[DNA gyrase]] and [[topoisomerase]] IV [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9124824&dopt=Abstract]. It was withdrawn from the market due to the risk of [[hepatotoxicity]]. It had better [[gram-positive]] bacterial coverage and less [[gram-negative]] coverage than the previous [[fluoroquinolones]].
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| ==Controversy==
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| In [[1996]], during a [[meningitis]] [[epidemic]] in [[Kano]], [[Nigeria]], the then-untested drug was administered to approximately 100 infected children. A panel of medical experts later implicated [[Pfizer]] in the incident, concluding the drug had been administered as part of an illegal [[clinical trial]] without authorization from the [[Government of Nigeria|Nigerian government]] or [[consent]] from the children's parents.<ref name = WP>{{cite news |first = Joe |last = Stephens |title = Panel Faults Pfizer in '96 Clinical Trial In Nigeria |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/06/AR2006050601338.html |work = [[The Washington Post]] |page = A01 |date = May 7, 2006 |accessdate = 2006-08-28}}</ref> The case came to light in December 2000 as the result of an investigation by ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and sparked significant public outcry. The Nigerian federal government has subsequently sued the drug giant for $8.5bn and Pfizer will face criminal and civil charges brought by the state and federal governments of Nigeria.
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| When it went on the market in [[1998]] Trovan became one of Pfizer's top-selling drugs. When first-quarter earnings were announced in April of that year, the company's earnings had increased by 15% over the previous year, with analysts attributing much of that increase to the sales of the "new antibiotic" Trovan.<ref name = NYT1>{{cite news |last = [[Bloomberg News]] |title=2 Drug Companies Report Big Quarterly Profit Gains |work = [[The New York Times]] |page = D.5 |date = April 15, 1998 |id = ISSN 03624331 |accessdate = 2006-10-29}} (via ProQuest, Document ID 28630468)</ref> Pfizer had spent hundreds of millions of dollars developing Trovan. In the first year it brought over US$160 million and investors expected it to eventually bring in US$1 billion per year.<ref name = NYT3>{{cite news |last = Petersen |first = Melody |title = Unforeseen Side Effects Ruined One Blockbuster |work =[[The New York Times]] |page = 3.11 |date = August 27, 2000 |accessdate = 2006-10-29}} (via ProQuest, Document ID 58860021)</ref>
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| In June 1999 the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] advised doctors to limit the prescription of Trovan after it had been found "strongly associated" with 14 cases of acute liver failure and six deaths. The FDA had received over 100 reports of liver problems in people taking Trovan, which was at that time being prescribed at a rate of 300,000 patients per month in the United States. Two days later the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products recommended to the [[European Commission]] that marketing approval of Trovan be suspended for a year.<ref name = NYT3>{{cite news |last = Petersen |first = Melody |title = Unforeseen Side Effects Ruined One Blockbuster |work =[[The New York Times]] |page = 3.11 |date = August 27, 2000 |accessdate = 2006-10-29}} (via ProQuest, Document ID 58860021)</ref><ref name = NYT2>{{cite news |last = [[Reuters]] |title = Suspension of Trovan Drug in Europe Is Urged |work =[[The New York Times]] |page = C.3 |date = June 12, 1999 |accessdate = 2006-10-29}} (via ProQuest, Document ID 42327418)</ref> Between 2002 and 2005 the victims of the Trovan tests in Nigeria filed a [[Kano Trovafloxacin trial litigation|series of unsuccessful lawsuits]] in the United States.
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| ==References==
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| <div class="references-small">{{reflist|2}}</div>
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| {{QuinoloneAntiBiotics}}
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| [[Category:Fluoroquinolone antibiotics]]
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| [[Category:Withdrawn drugs]]
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| [[th:โทรวาฟลอกซาซิน]]
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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