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| {{SK}} Eye neoplasm; eye cancer | | {{SK}} Eye neoplasm; eye cancer |
| ==Overview==
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| '''Ocular oncology''' is the branch of [[medicine]] dealing with [[tumors]] relating to the [[human eye|eye]] and its [[adnexa]]. '''Eye cancer''' can affect all parts of the [[human eye|eye]].
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| ==Eye cancer== | | ==[[Eye neoplasm overview|Overview]]== |
| ===Origin and location=== | | ==[[Eye neoplasm classification|Classification]]== |
| Eye cancers can be primary (starts within the eye) and [[metastasis|metastatic cancer]] (spread to the eye from another organ). The two most common cancers that spread to the eye from another organ are [[breast cancer]] and [[lung cancer]]. Other less common sites of origin include the [[prostate]], [[kidney]], [[thyroid]], [[skin]], [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]] and [[leukemia|blood or bone marrow]].
| | ==[[Eye neoplasm pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| | ==[[Eye neoplasm differentiating eye neoplasm from other diseases|Differentiating Eye neoplasm from other Diseases]]== |
| | ==[[Eye neoplasm epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| | ==[[Eye neoplasm risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| | ==[[Eye neoplasm natural history|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| ===Types=== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2010}}
| | [[Eye neoplasm history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Eye neoplasm physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Eye neoplasm CT|CT]] | [[Eye neoplasm MRI|MRI]] | [[Eye neoplasm other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| Tumors in the eye and orbit can be [[benign]] like [[dermoid cyst]]s, or [[malignant]] like [[rhabdomyosarcoma]] and [[retinoblastoma]].
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| ====Malignant====
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| The most common eyelid tumor is called [[basal cell carcinoma]]. This tumor can grow around the eye but rarely spreads to other parts of the body. Other types of common eyelid cancers include [[squamous carcinoma]], [[sebaceous carcinoma]] and [[malignant melanoma]]. The most common orbital malignancy is ''orbital lymphoma''. This tumor can be diagnosed by biopsy with histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Most patients with orbital lymphoma can be offered [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiation therapy]].
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| =====Adults=====
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| *The most common malignant primary [[wikt:intraocular|intraocular]] tumor in adults is [[uveal melanoma]]. These tumors can occur in the [[choroid]], [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]] and [[ciliary body]]. The latter are sometimes called iris or [[ciliary body melanoma]].
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| *The next most common is primary [[intraocular lymphoma]] (PIOL) which is usually non-Hodgkin’s, large cell lymphoma of the B-cell type, although T cell lymphomas have also been described.
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| =====Children=====
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| *The most common malignant intraocular tumor in children is [[retinoblastoma]], affecting approximately 325 children per year in North America. Early detection has allowed for cures exceeding 95%.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kim JW, Abramson DH, Dunkel IJ | title = Current management strategies for intraocular retinoblastoma | journal = Drugs | year = 2007 | volume = 67 | issue = 15 | pages = 2173–2185 | pmid = 17927283}}</ref>
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| *The second most common is [[medulloepithelioma]] (also called diktyoma) which can occur in the ciliary body and the uvea of the eye.
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| ====Benign====
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| [[Orbit (anatomy)|Orbital]] [[dermoid cyst]]s are benign [[wikt:choristoma|choristomas]] which are typically found at the junction of sutures, most commonly at the fronto-zygomatic suture. Large deep orbital dermoid cysts can cause pressure effects on the muscles and optic nerve, leading to diplopia and loss of vision.
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| ==Signs and symptoms==
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| * Melanomas (choroidal, ciliary body and uveal) - In the early stages there may be no symptoms (the person does not know there is a tumor until an ophthalmologist or optometrist looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope during a routine test). As the tumor grows, symptoms can be blurred vision, decreased vision, double vision, eventual vision loss and if they continue to grow the tumor can break past the retina causing retinal detachment. Sometimes the tumor can be visible through the pupil.
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| * Nevus - Are benign, freckle in the eye. These should be checked out and regular checks on the eye done to ensure it hasn't turned into a melanoma.
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| * Iris and conjuctival tumors (melanomas) - Presents as a dark spot. Any spot which continues to grow on the iris and the conjunctiva should be checked out.
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| * Retinoblastoma - Strabismus (crossed eyes), a whitish or yellowish glow through the pupil, decreasing/loss of vision, sometimes the eye may be red and painful. Retinoblastoma can occur in one or both eyes. This tumor occurs in babies and young children. It is called RB for short. Check photographs, normal healthy eyes would have the red eye reflex, but a white/yellow dot instead of the red eye reflex can indicate a tumor or some other kind of eye disease. Any photos of a child/children which have a white/yellow dot instead of the red eye reflex should be checked out.
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Eye neoplasm medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Eye neoplasm surgery|Surgery]] | [[Eye neoplasm cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Eye neoplasm future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| * [[Laser therapy]]
| | ==Case Studies== |
| * [[Plaque therapy]]
| | :[[Eye neoplasm case study one|Case #1]] |
| * [[Radiotherapy]]
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| * [[Enucleation of the Eye]] - Removal of the eye, but the muscles and eyelids are left intact. An implant is inserted, then the person wears a conformer shield and later the person will have their prosthesis made and fitted (the prosthesis is made by someone called an ocularist and is made to look like their real eye)
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| * [[Evisceration (ophthalmology)|Evisceration]] - Removal of the eye contents, leaving the sclera or the white part of the eye.
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| * [[Exenteration]] - Removal of the eye, all orbital contents, which can involve the eyelids as well. A special prosthesis is made to cover the defect and improve appearance.
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| * [[Iridectomy]] - Removal of the affected piece of the iris
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| * [[Choroidectomy]] - Removal of the choroid layer (the vascular tissue sandwiched between the sclera and the retina)
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| * [[Iridocyclectomy]] - Removal of the iris plus the ciliary body muscle.
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| * [[Eyewall resection]] - Cutting into the eye to remove a tumor e.g. melanoma. This operation can be quite difficult to perform.
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| * [[Chemotherapy]]
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| ==Classification==
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| ===Choroidal tumors===
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| * Choroidal [[hemangioma]]<ref name="urlChoroidal Hemangioma - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=61&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=Choroidal+Hemangioma |title=Choroidal Hemangioma - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * Choroidal [[melanoma]]<ref name="urlChoroidal Melanoma - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=62&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=Choroidal+Melanoma |title=Choroidal Melanoma - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * Choroidal [[metastasis]]<ref name="urlChoroidal Metastasis - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=59&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=Choroidal+Metastasis |title=Choroidal Metastasis - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * Choroidal [[nevus]]<ref name="urlChoroidal Nevus - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=60&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=Choroidal+Nevus |title=Choroidal Nevus - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * Choroidal [[osteoma]]<ref name="urlChoroidal Osteoma - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=33&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=Choroidal+Osteoma |title=Choroidal Osteoma - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * Ciliary body [[melanoma]]<ref name="urlCiliary Body Melanoma - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=69&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=Ciliary+Body+Melanoma |title=Ciliary Body Melanoma - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * The [[nevus of Ota]]<ref name="urlThe Nevus of Ota - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=34&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=The+Nevus+of+Ota |title=The Nevus of Ota - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| ===Conjunctival tumors===
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| [[File:Conjunctival carcinoma - 6.jpg|thumb|right|Advanced conjunctival carcinoma protruding through the palpebral fissure.]]
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| * Conjunctival [[Kaposi's sarcoma]]<ref name="urlConjunctival Kaposis Sarcoma - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=43&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Conjunctival+Kaposi%27s+Sarcoma |title=Conjunctival Kaposi's Sarcoma - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * Epibulbar [[dermoid]]<ref name="urlEpibulbar Dermoid - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=73&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Epibulbar+Dermoid |title=Epibulbar Dermoid - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * [[Malignant]] [[conjunctival tumors]]<ref name="urlGeneral Information: Malignant Conjunctival Tumors - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=35&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=General+Information%3a+Malignant+Conjunctival+Tumors |title=General Information: Malignant Conjunctival Tumors - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * [[Lymphoma]] of the conjunctiva<ref name="urlLymphoma of the Conjunctiva - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=42&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Lymphoma+of+the+Conjunctiva |title=Lymphoma of the Conjunctiva - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * [[Melanoma]] and [[primary acquired melanosis|PAM]] with [[atypia]]<ref name="urlMelanoma and PAM with Atypia - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=37&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Melanoma+and+PAM+with+Atypia |title=Melanoma and PAM with Atypia - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * [[Pigmented conjunctival tumors]]<ref name="urlPigmented Conjunctival Tumors - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=36&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Pigmented+Conjunctival+Tumors |title=Pigmented Conjunctival Tumors - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * [[Pingueculum]]<ref name="urlPingueculum - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=71&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Pingueculum |title=Pingueculum - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * [[Pterygium]]<ref name="urlPterygium - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=72&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Pterygium |title=Pterygium - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| * [[Squamous carcinoma]] and [[intraepithelial neoplasia]] of the conjunctiva<ref name="urlSquamous Carcinoma and Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Conjunctiva - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=38&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Squamous+Carcinoma+and+Intraepithelial+Neoplasia+of+the+Conjunctiva+ |title=Squamous Carcinoma and Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Conjunctiva - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
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| ==See also== | | ==See also== |
| *[[List of eye diseases and disorders]] | | *[[List of eye diseases and disorders]] |
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==External links== | | ==External links== |