Head and neck cancer causes: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
|||
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
* Alcohol and tobacco are likely synergistic in causing cancer of the head and neck.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Murata M, Takayama K, Choi B, Pak A |title=A nested case-control study on alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and cancer |journal=Cancer Detect Prev |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=557-65 |year=1996 |pmid=8939341}}</ref> | * [[Alcohol]] and [[tobacco]] are likely synergistic in causing cancer of the head and neck.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Murata M, Takayama K, Choi B, Pak A |title=A nested case-control study on alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and cancer |journal=Cancer Detect Prev |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=557-65 |year=1996 |pmid=8939341}}</ref> | ||
* Smokeless tobacco is an etiologic agent for oral and [[pharyngeal]] cancers.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Winn D |title=Smokeless tobacco and aerodigestive tract cancers: recent research directions |journal=Adv Exp Med Biol |volume=320 |issue= |pages=39-46 |year= |pmid=1442283}}</ref> | * Smokeless tobacco is an etiologic agent for oral and [[pharyngeal]] cancers.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Winn D |title=Smokeless tobacco and aerodigestive tract cancers: recent research directions |journal=Adv Exp Med Biol |volume=320 |issue= |pages=39-46 |year= |pmid=1442283}}</ref> | ||
* [[Cigar]] smoking is an important risk factor for oral cancers as well.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Iribarren C, Tekawa I, Sidney S, Friedman G |title=Effect of cigar smoking on the risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer in men |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=340 |issue=23 |pages=1773-80 |year=1999 |pmid=10362820}}</ref> | * [[Cigar]] smoking is an important risk factor for oral cancers as well.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Iribarren C, Tekawa I, Sidney S, Friedman G |title=Effect of cigar smoking on the risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer in men |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=340 |issue=23 |pages=1773-80 |year=1999 |pmid=10362820}}</ref> | ||
* Other potential environmental [[carcinogens]] include [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] and occupational exposures such as nickel refining, exposure to textile fibers, and woodworking. [[Cigarette]] smokers have a lifetime increased risk for head and neck cancers that is 5- to 25-fold increased over the general population.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Andre K, Schraub S, Mercier M, Bontemps P |title=Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: a case-control study in the Doubs region of France |journal=Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol |volume=31B |issue=5 |pages=301-9 |year=1995 |pmid=8704646}}</ref> | * Other potential environmental [[carcinogens]] include [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] and occupational exposures such as nickel refining, exposure to textile fibers, and woodworking. [[Cigarette]] smokers have a lifetime increased risk for head and neck cancers that is 5- to 25-fold increased over the general population.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Andre K, Schraub S, Mercier M, Bontemps P |title=Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: a case-control study in the Doubs region of France |journal=Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol |volume=31B |issue=5 |pages=301-9 |year=1995 |pmid=8704646}}</ref> | ||
Some head and neck cancers may have a viral etiology.<ref name=AMN>{{cite web | author = Everett E. Vokes | title =Head and Neck Cancer | work =Head and Neck Cancer | url=http://www.health.am/cr/head-and-neck-cancer/ | year = 2006 | month= June 28 | publisher=Armenian Health Network, Health.am | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> The [[DNA]] of [[human papillomavirus]] has been detected in the tissue of oral and tonsil cancers, and may predispose to oral cancer in the absence of [[tobacco]] and [[alcohol]] use. [[Epstein-Barr virus]] (EBV) infection is associated with [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma|nasopharyngeal cancer]].<ref name="AMN" /> | * Some head and neck cancers may have a viral etiology.<ref name=AMN>{{cite web | author = Everett E. Vokes | title =Head and Neck Cancer | work =Head and Neck Cancer | url=http://www.health.am/cr/head-and-neck-cancer/ | year = 2006 | month= June 28 | publisher=Armenian Health Network, Health.am | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> The [[DNA]] of [[human papillomavirus]] has been detected in the tissue of oral and tonsil cancers, and may predispose to oral cancer in the absence of [[tobacco]] and [[alcohol]] use. [[Epstein-Barr virus]] (EBV) infection is associated with [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma|nasopharyngeal cancer]].<ref name="AMN" /> | ||
Nasopharyngeal cancer occurs endemically in some countries of the Mediterranean and Asiat, where EBV [[antibody]] titers can be measured to screen high-risk populations.<ref name="AMN" /> | * [[Nasopharyngeal cancer]] occurs endemically in some countries of the Mediterranean and Asiat, where EBV [[antibody]] titers can be measured to screen high-risk populations.<ref name="AMN" /> | ||
Nasopharyngeal cancer has also been associated with consumption of salted fish, which may contain high levels of [[nitrites]]. | * Nasopharyngeal cancer has also been associated with consumption of salted fish, which may contain high levels of [[nitrites]]. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 16:18, 17 September 2012
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maneesha Nandimandalam, M.B.B.S.[2]
|
Head and Neck cancer Microchapters |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]
Overview
Causes
- Alcohol and tobacco are likely synergistic in causing cancer of the head and neck.[1]
- Smokeless tobacco is an etiologic agent for oral and pharyngeal cancers.[2]
- Cigar smoking is an important risk factor for oral cancers as well.[3]
- Other potential environmental carcinogens include marijuana and occupational exposures such as nickel refining, exposure to textile fibers, and woodworking. Cigarette smokers have a lifetime increased risk for head and neck cancers that is 5- to 25-fold increased over the general population.[4]
- Some head and neck cancers may have a viral etiology.[5] The DNA of human papillomavirus has been detected in the tissue of oral and tonsil cancers, and may predispose to oral cancer in the absence of tobacco and alcohol use. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with nasopharyngeal cancer.[5]
- Nasopharyngeal cancer occurs endemically in some countries of the Mediterranean and Asiat, where EBV antibody titers can be measured to screen high-risk populations.[5]
- Nasopharyngeal cancer has also been associated with consumption of salted fish, which may contain high levels of nitrites.
References
- ↑ Murata M, Takayama K, Choi B, Pak A (1996). "A nested case-control study on alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and cancer". Cancer Detect Prev. 20 (6): 557–65. PMID 8939341.
- ↑ Winn D. "Smokeless tobacco and aerodigestive tract cancers: recent research directions". Adv Exp Med Biol. 320: 39–46. PMID 1442283.
- ↑ Iribarren C, Tekawa I, Sidney S, Friedman G (1999). "Effect of cigar smoking on the risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer in men". N Engl J Med. 340 (23): 1773–80. PMID 10362820.
- ↑ Andre K, Schraub S, Mercier M, Bontemps P (1995). "Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: a case-control study in the Doubs region of France". Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 31B (5): 301–9. PMID 8704646.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Everett E. Vokes (2006). "Head and Neck Cancer". Head and Neck Cancer. Armenian Health Network, Health.am. Retrieved 2007-09-25. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)