Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia ECG

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

An EKG abnormality is present in 90% of patients with AVRD. These abnormalities include inverted T waves beyond V1 in young males, the presence of right bundle branch block, the presence of an epsilon wave, and the presence of right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia with a left bundle branch block pattern.

T Wave Inversion Beyond Lead V1

The most common EKG abnormality seen in ARVD is T wave inversion in leads V₁ to V₃. The presence of T wave inversion beyond V₁ in a young athlete should always raise a suspicion of ARVD. However, this is a non-specific finding, and may be considered a normal variant in right bundle branch block (RBBB), women, and children under 12 years old.

Right Bundle Branch Block

RBBB itself is seen frequently in individuals with ARVD. This may be due to delayed activation of the right ventricle, rather than any intrinsic abnormality in the right bundle branch.

Epsilon Wave

The epsilon wave is found in about 50% of those with ARVD. This is described as a terminal notch in the QRS complex. It is due to slowed intraventricular conduction. The epsilon wave may be seen on a surface EKG; however, it is more commonly seen on signal averaged EKGs.

EKG lead demonstrating the epsilon wave The epsilon wave

The epsilon wave (red triangle), seen in ARVD.

Signal averaged ECG

Signal averaged ECG (SAECG) is used to detect late potentials and epsilon waves in individuals with ARVD.

Ventricular Ectopy

Ventricular ectopy seen on a surface EKG in the setting of ARVD is typically of left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology, with a QRS axis of -90 to +110 degrees. The origin of the ectopic beats is usually from one of the three regions of fatty degeneration (the "triangle of dysplasia"): the RV outflow tract, the RV inflow tract, and the RV apex.

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Ventricular Tachycardia

The presence of right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia should prompt suspicion of AVRD.

Electrocardiographic characteristics include the following:

• Atrioventricular dissociation similar to all patients with VT
• Heart rate > 100 beats per minute
• QRS duration > 120 milliseconds
• Left bundle branch block pattern or morphology with negative deflection in V1 and V2
• A rightward and inferior axis deviation (approximately +90 degrees)

Lecture

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