Granulocytosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Granulocytosis is defined as the presence of an increased number of granulocytes, a category of white blood cells present in the peripheral blood. Often, the word refers to an increased neutrophil granulocyte count, as neutrophils are the main granulocytes. An increase in eosinophil granulocyte is known as eosinophilia. In cardiovascular disease, increased white blood cell counts have been shown to indicate a worse prognosis.

Common Causes

Granulocytosis can be a feature of a number of diseases:

• Infection, especially bacterial
• Malignancy, most notably leukemia (it is the main feature of chronic myelogenous leukemia, CML)
• Autoimmune disease

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Aminophylline, Dinoprostone, Filgrastim, Granulocyte colony stimulating factor, Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, Lithium, Sulprostone
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Acute pancreatitis, Gallbladder empyema
Genetic	Acute intermittent porphyria, Hereditary neutrophilia, Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 3, Recurrent hereditary polyserositis
Hematologic	Acute intermittent porphyria, Leukemoid reaction, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 3, Lymphangitis, Polycythaemia rubra vera, Recurrent hereditary polyserositis
Iatrogenic	Splenectomy
Infectious Disease	Congenital syphilis, Hantavirus
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Acute myeloid leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Mast cell leukemia, Polycythaemia rubra vera
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, Wegener granulomatosis, Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Renal / Electrolyte	Wegener granulomatosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Adult-onset Still disease, Urate crystal arthropathy, Wegener granulomatosis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

• Acute intermittent porphyria
• Acute myeloid leukemia
• Acute pancreatitis
• Acute promyelocytic leukemia
• Adult-onset Still's disease
• Aminophylline
• Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
• Chronic myeloid leukaemia
• Congenital syphilis
• Dinoprostone
• Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
• Filgrastim
• Gallbladder empyema
• Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
• Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
• Hantavirus
• Hereditary neutrophilia
• Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome
• Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1
• Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2
• Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 3
• Leukemoid reaction
• Lithium
• Lymphangitis
• Mast cell leukemia
• Polycythaemia rubra vera
• Recurrent hereditary polyserositis
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome
• Splenectomy
• Sulprostone
• Urate crystal arthropathy
• Wegener granulomatosis

Related Chapters

• Leukocytosis
• Eosinophilia
• Monocytosis
• Lymphocytosis

• Agranulocytosis
• Complete blood count

References

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