Coccidioidomycosis overview: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 21:03, 7 December 2012

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or C. posadasii.^[1]

Epidemiology and Demographics

California state prisons have been particularly affected by Coccidioidomycosis, as far back as 1919. In 2005 and 2006, the Pleasant Valley State Prison near Coalinga and Avenal State Prison near Avenal on the western side of the San Joaquin Valley had the highest incidence rate in 2005, of at least 3,000 per 100,000.

It is endemic in certain parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and northwestern Mexico.

Risk Factors

On occasion, those particularly susceptible, including pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems, and those of Asian, Hispanic and African descent, may develop a serious or even fatal illness from valley fever.

Naturall History, Complications and Prognosis

Natural History

Symptomatic infection (40% of cases) usually presents as an influenza-like illness with fever, cough, headaches, rash, and myalgia (muscle pain).^[2] Some patients fail to recover and develop chronic pulmonary infection or widespread disseminated infection (affecting meninges, soft tissues, joints, and bone). Severe pulmonary disease may develop in HIV-infected persons.^[3]

Complications

Serious complications include severe pneumonia, lung nodules, and disseminated disease, where the fungus spreads throughout the body. The disseminated form of valley fever can devastate the body, causing skin ulcers and abscesses to bone lesions, severe joint pain, heart inflammation, urinary tract problems, meningitis, and death.

Prognosis

The disease can be fatal.

Diagnosis

Symptoms

The disease is usually mild, with flu-like symptoms and rashes.

Laboratory Findings

The fungal infection can be demonstrated by microscopic detection of diagnostic cells in body fluids, exudates, sputum and biopsy-tissue. With specific nucleotide primers C.immitis DNA can be amplified by PCR. It can also be detected in culture by morphological identification or by using molecular probes that hybridize with C.immitis RNA. An indirect demonstration of fungal infection can be achieved also by serologic analysis detecting fungal antigen or host antibody produced against the fungus.

References

↑ Walsh TJ, Dixon DM (1996). Spectrum of Mycoses. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.) (4th ed. ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
↑ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. pp. 680-83. ISBN 0838585299.
↑ Ampel N (2005). "Coccidioidomycosis in persons infected with HIV type 1". Clin Infect Dis. 41 (8): 1174–8. PMID 16163637.

Template:WH Template:WS

[Baron-1] Walsh TJ, Dixon DM (1996). Spectrum of Mycoses. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.) (4th ed. ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.CS1 maint: Extra text (link)

[Sherris-2] Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. pp. 680-83. ISBN 0838585299.

[Ampel_2005-3] Ampel N (2005). "Coccidioidomycosis in persons infected with HIV type 1". Clin Infect Dis. 41 (8): 1174–8. PMID 16163637.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Overview==
 '''Coccidioidomycosis'''  is a [[fungus|fungal]] disease caused by ''[[Coccidioides immitis]]'' or ''[[Coccidioides posadasii|C. posadasii]]''.<ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Walsh TJ, Dixon DM | title =  Spectrum of Mycoses. ''In:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Baron S ''et al'', eds.)| edition = 4th ed. | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | id = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.4006 (via NCBI Bookshelf)] ISBN 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref>
-The disease is usually mild, with flu-like symptoms and rashes.  On occasion, those particularly susceptible, including pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems, and those of Asian, Hispanic and African descent, may develop a serious or even fatal illness from valley fever.  Serious complications include severe [[pneumonia]], [[lung nodule]]s, and disseminated disease, where the fungus spreads throughout the body.  The disseminated form of valley fever can devastate the body, causing skin ulcers and [[abscess]]es to bone lesions, severe joint pain, heart inflammation, [[urinary tract]] problems, [[meningitis]], and death.
+==Epidemiology and Demographics==
+California state prisons have been particularly affected by Coccidioidomycosis, as far back as 1919. In 2005 and 2006, the Pleasant Valley State Prison near Coalinga and Avenal State Prison near Avenal on the western side of the San Joaquin Valley had the highest incidence rate in 2005, of at least 3,000 per 100,000.
-It has been known to infect humans, dogs, cattle, livestock, llamas, apes, monkeys, kangaroos, wallabies, tigers, bears, badgers, otters and marine mammals. <ref>Valley Fever Center for Excellence |  url = http://www.vfce.arizona.edu/VFID-other.htm</ref>
+It is [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] in certain parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and northwestern Mexico.
-Symptomatic infection (40% of cases) usually presents as an [[influenza]]-like illness with fever, cough, headaches, [[rash]], and [[myalgia]] (muscle pain).<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = pp. 680-83 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0838585299 }}</ref> Some patients fail to recover and develop chronic pulmonary infection or widespread disseminated infection (affecting [[meninges]], soft tissues, joints, and bone). Severe pulmonary disease may develop in [[HIV]]-infected persons.<ref name=Ampel_2005>{{cite journal | author = Ampel N | title = Coccidioidomycosis in persons infected with HIV type 1. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 41 | issue = 8 | pages = 1174-8 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 16163637}}</ref>  The disease can be fatal.
+==Risk Factors==
+On occasion, those particularly susceptible, including pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems, and those of Asian, Hispanic and African descent, may develop a serious or even fatal illness from valley fever.
+==Naturall History, Complications and Prognosis==
+===Natural History===
+Symptomatic infection (40% of cases) usually presents as an [[influenza]]-like illness with fever, cough, headaches, [[rash]], and [[myalgia]] (muscle pain).<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = pp. 680-83 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0838585299 }}</ref> Some patients fail to recover and develop chronic pulmonary infection or widespread disseminated infection (affecting [[meninges]], soft tissues, joints, and bone). Severe pulmonary disease may develop in [[HIV]]-infected persons.<ref name=Ampel_2005>{{cite journal | author = Ampel N | title = Coccidioidomycosis in persons infected with HIV type 1. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 41 | issue = 8 | pages = 1174-8 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 16163637}}</ref>
+===Complications===
+Serious complications include severe [[pneumonia]], [[lung nodule]]s, and disseminated disease, where the fungus spreads throughout the body.  The disseminated form of valley fever can devastate the body, causing skin ulcers and [[abscess]]es to bone lesions, severe joint pain, heart inflammation, [[urinary tract]] problems, [[meningitis]], and death.
+===Prognosis===
+The disease can be fatal.
+==Diagnosis==
+===Symptoms===
+The disease is usually mild, with flu-like symptoms and rashes.
+===Laboratory Findings===
+The fungal infection can be demonstrated by microscopic detection of diagnostic cells in body fluids, exudates, [[sputum]] and [[biopsy]]-tissue. With specific [[nucleotide]] primers ''C.immitis'' [[DNA]] can be amplified by [[PCR]]. It can also be detected in culture by morphological identification or by using molecular probes that hybridize with ''C.immitis'' [[RNA]]. An indirect demonstration of fungal infection can be achieved also by serologic analysis detecting fungal [[antigen]] or host [[antibody]] produced against the fungus.
 ==References==