Genital candidiasis overview

Template:Genital candidiasis Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Candidiasis is a common fungal infection that occurs when there is overgrowth of the fungus called Candida. Candida is always present in the body in small amounts. However, when an imbalance occurs, such as when the normal acidity of the vagina changes or when hormonal balance changes, Candida can multiply. When that happens, symptoms of candidiasis appear.

Pathophysiology

Candida albicans and C. glabrata. Less commonly, C.tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei. Rarely, other Candida species.

Epidemiology and Demographics

It is the fourth most common cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections. Incidence is 8 cases per 100,000 in the general population. Mortality rate is almost 50% with bloodstream and disseminated infection.

Risk Factors

Invasive disease occurs in critically ill patients in intensive-care units, in persons with severe granulocytopenia, and in hematopoietic stem cell and organ transplant recipients. Genital candidiasis can be associated with HIV infection. Vulvo-vaginal candidiasis is often associated with pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and antibiotic therapy.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Antifungal drugs which are taken orally, applied directly to the affected area, or used vaginally are the drugs of choice for vaginal yeast infections. Although these drugs usually work to cure the infection (80%-90% success rate), infections that do not respond to treatment are becoming more common, especially in HIV-infected women receiving long-term antifungal therapy. Prolonged and frequent use of these treatments can lessen their effectiveness.