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| == Overview ==
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| Plague has a remarkable place in history. For centuries, plague represented disaster for those living in Asia, Africa and Europe, where, it has been said, populations were so affected that sometimes there were not enough people left alive to bury the dead. Because the cause of plague was unknown, plague outbreaks contributed to massive panic in cities and countries where it appeared.
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| === Perspective and history ===
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| Plague has a remarkable place in history. For centuries, plague represented disaster for those living in Asia, Africa and Europe, where, it has been said, populations were so affected that sometimes there were not enough people left alive to bury the dead (Gross, 1995). Because the cause of plague was unknown, plague outbreaks contributed to massive panic in cities and countries where it appeared. The [[disease]] was believed to be delivered upon the people by the displeasure of the gods, by other supernatural powers or, by heavenly disturbance. Innocent groups of people were blamed for spreading plague and were persecuted by the panicked masses. Numerous references in art, literature and monuments attest to the horrors and devastation of past plague [[epidemics]]. So imprinted in our minds is the fear of plague that, even now, entering into the 21st century, a suspected plague outbreak can incite mass panic and bring much of the world's economy to a temporary standstill. The number of human plague infections is low when compared to diseases caused by other agents, yet plague invokes an intense, irrational fear, disproportionate to its [[transmission]] potential in the post-[[antibiotic]]/[[vaccination]] era.
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| === Ancient disease ===
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| Plague is an ancient [[disease]] that is not likely to disappear; its continued outbreaks throughout the world attest to its tenacious presence. Since the first descriptions, many studies have examined the [[transmission]], [[bubonic plague epidemiology and demographics|epidemiology]] and [[pathogenesis]] of the disease (Gage, 1998). Plague is a [[bacterial infection]] of small mammals transmitted from animal to animal by the [[bite]] of infected fleas. Plague cycles naturally in its [[enzootic foci]], circulating between small mammals and fleas without human involvement. The quiescent periods, during which few or no human cases are detected, may last for years, leading to mistaken declarations of plague eradication. However long the silent periods last, plague may suddenly reappear. The combination of false assurance of its eradication, and the failure of public health vigilance, sets the stage for the panic that may ensue when enzootic plague spills over from its natural cycle into the peridomestic and commensal rodent populations (and their fleas), bringing plague into closer human contact. Poor [[sanitation]], overcrowding and high numbers of rodents are conditions that enhance urban plague transmission. Thus, a plague outbreak has come to represent an indictment of social, environmental and political changes in the modern world.
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| == References == | | == References == |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
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| [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | | [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] |
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| [[Category:Insect-borne diseases]] | | [[Category:Insect-borne diseases]] |
| [[Category:Disease]] | | [[Category:Disease]] |
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