Botulism historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
The German physician and poet Justinus Kerner called botulinum toxin "sausage [[poison]]", or "Canadian bacon pathogen" as this [[bacterium]] often causes poisoning by growing in badly handled or prepared meat products. He first conceived a possible therapeutic use of botulinum toxin. In 1870, Muller (another German physician) coined the name [[botulism]], from [[Latin]] ''botulus'' = "sausage". In 1895, Emile Van Ermengem first isolated the bacterium ''Clostridium botulinum''. In 1944, Edward Schantz cultured | The German physician and poet Justinus Kerner called botulinum toxin "sausage [[poison]]", or "Canadian bacon pathogen" as this [[bacterium]] often causes poisoning by growing in badly handled or prepared meat products. He first conceived a possible therapeutic use of botulinum toxin. In 1870, Muller (another German physician) coined the name [[botulism]], from [[Latin]] ''botulus'' = "sausage". In 1895, Emile Van Ermengem first isolated the bacterium ''Clostridium botulinum''. In 1944, Edward Schantz cultured Clostridium botulinum and isolated the toxin, and, in 1949, Burgen's group discovered that botulinum toxin blocks [[neuromuscular]] transmission. | ||
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By 1973, Alan B Scott, MD, of [[Smith-Kettlewell Institute]] used botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in monkey experiments, and, in 1980, he officially used BTX-A for the first time in humans to treat [[strabismus]]. In December 1989, BTX-A (BOTOX) was approved by the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) for the treatment of [[strabismus]], [[blepharospasm]], and [[hemifacial]] [[spasm]] in patients over 12 years old. The [[cosmetic]] effect of BTX-A was initially described by [[ophthalmologist]] Jean Carruthers and [[dermatologist]] Alastair Carruthers, a husband-and-wife team working in Vancouver, Canada, although the effect had been observed by a number of independent groups. On April 15, 2002, the FDA announced the approval of botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX Cosmetic) to temporarily improve the appearance of moderate-to-severe frown lines between the [[eyebrows]] (glabellar lines). BTX-A has also been approved for the treatment of excessive underarm [[sweating]]. The acceptance of BTX-A use for the treatment of [[spasticity]] and [[muscle]] pain disorders is growing, with approvals pending in many European countries and studies on [[headaches]] (including [[migraine]]), [[prostatic]] symptoms, [[asthma]], [[obesity]] and many other possible indications are ongoing. | By 1973, Alan B Scott, MD, of [[Smith-Kettlewell Institute]] used botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in monkey experiments, and, in 1980, he officially used BTX-A for the first time in humans to treat [[strabismus]]. In December 1989, BTX-A (BOTOX) was approved by the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) for the treatment of [[strabismus]], [[blepharospasm]], and [[hemifacial]] [[spasm]] in patients over 12 years old. The [[cosmetic]] effect of BTX-A was initially described by [[ophthalmologist]] Jean Carruthers and [[dermatologist]] Alastair Carruthers, a husband-and-wife team working in Vancouver, Canada, although the effect had been observed by a number of independent groups. On April 15, 2002, the FDA announced the approval of botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX Cosmetic) to temporarily improve the appearance of moderate-to-severe frown lines between the [[eyebrows]] (glabellar lines). BTX-A has also been approved for the treatment of excessive underarm [[sweating]]. The acceptance of BTX-A use for the treatment of [[spasticity]] and [[muscle]] pain disorders is growing, with approvals pending in many European countries and studies on [[headaches]] (including [[migraine]]), [[prostatic]] symptoms, [[asthma]], [[obesity]] and many other possible indications are ongoing. | ||
Revision as of 21:51, 18 December 2012
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Michael Maddaleni, B.S.
Historical Perspective
The German physician and poet Justinus Kerner called botulinum toxin "sausage poison", or "Canadian bacon pathogen" as this bacterium often causes poisoning by growing in badly handled or prepared meat products. He first conceived a possible therapeutic use of botulinum toxin. In 1870, Muller (another German physician) coined the name botulism, from Latin botulus = "sausage". In 1895, Emile Van Ermengem first isolated the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. In 1944, Edward Schantz cultured Clostridium botulinum and isolated the toxin, and, in 1949, Burgen's group discovered that botulinum toxin blocks neuromuscular transmission.
Botox is manufactured by Allergan Inc (U.S.) for both therapeutic as well as cosmetic use. The formulation is best stored at cold temperature of 2-8 degrees Celsius. Dysport is a therapeutic formulation of the type A toxin developed and manufactured in the UK and which is licensed for the treatment of focal dystonias, symptoms of cerebral palsy, and certain cosmetic uses in many territories world wide.
Botulinum Toxin Type B (BTX-B) received FDA approval for treatment of cervical dystonia on December 21, 2000. Trade names for BTX-B are Myobloc in the United States, and Neurobloc® in the European Union.
References