Osteomyelitis overview: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Osteomyelitis''' is an [[infection]] of [[bone]] or [[bone marrow]], usually caused by [[pyogenic]] [[bacterium|bacteria]] or [[mycobacteria]]. It can be usefully subclassifed on the basis of the causative organism, the route, duration and anatomic location of the [[infection]].<ref name="Robbins"> Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). ''Robbins Basic Pathology'' (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 810-811 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1</ref> | '''Osteomyelitis''' is an [[infection]] of [[bone]] or [[bone marrow]], usually caused by [[pyogenic]] [[bacterium|bacteria]] or [[mycobacteria]]. It can be usefully subclassifed on the basis of the causative organism, the route, duration and anatomic location of the [[infection]].<ref name="Robbins"> Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). ''Robbins Basic Pathology'' (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 810-811 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1</ref> | ||
==Historical Perspective== | |||
Osteomyelitis has been described since antiquity and evidence of the disease exists in dinosaur fossils. The disease used to be called "abscessus in medulla", "necrosis" and "boil of the bone marrow" until Auguste Nelation coined the term osteomyelitis in 1844. NJ Blockey, JT Watson, and TA McAllister developed treatment strategies for osteomyelitis in 1970 upon which current clinical practices are based. | |||
==Pathophysiology== | |||
==Causes== | |||
==Classification== | |||
==Differentiating Osteomyelitis from Other Diseases== | |||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | |||
==Risk Factors== | |||
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | |||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
===History and Symptoms== | |||
===Physical Examination=== | |||
===Laboratory Findings=== | |||
===X Ray=== | ===X Ray=== | ||
Diagnosis of osteomyelitis is often based on [[radiology|radiologic]] results showing a [[lytic]] center with a ring of [[sclerosis]], though bone cultures are normally required to identify the specific pathogen. Conventional radiographic evaluation of acute osteomyelitis is insufficient because bone changes are not evident for 14–21 days after the onset of [[infection]]. | Diagnosis of osteomyelitis is often based on [[radiology|radiologic]] results showing a [[lytic]] center with a ring of [[sclerosis]], though bone cultures are normally required to identify the specific pathogen. Conventional radiographic evaluation of acute osteomyelitis is insufficient because bone changes are not evident for 14–21 days after the onset of [[infection]]. | ||
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}}</ref>[[Hyperbaric oxygen therapy]] has been shown to be a useful [[wikt:adjunct|adjunct]] to the treatment of [[wikt:refractory|refractory]] osteomyelitis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mader JT, Adams KR, Sutton TE |title=Infectious diseases: pathophysiology and mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen |journal=J. Hyperbaric Med |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=133–140 |year=1987 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4339 |accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kawashima M, Tamura H, Nagayoshi I, Takao K, Yoshida K, Yamaguchi T |title=Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in orthopedic conditions |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=155–62 |year=2004 |pmid=15233171 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4000 |accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref> A treatment lasting 42 days is practiced in a number of facilities.<ref>Putland M.D, Michael S., Hyperbaric Medicine, Capital Regional Medical Center, Tallahassee, Florida, personal inquiry June 2008.</ref> | }}</ref>[[Hyperbaric oxygen therapy]] has been shown to be a useful [[wikt:adjunct|adjunct]] to the treatment of [[wikt:refractory|refractory]] osteomyelitis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mader JT, Adams KR, Sutton TE |title=Infectious diseases: pathophysiology and mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen |journal=J. Hyperbaric Med |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=133–140 |year=1987 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4339 |accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kawashima M, Tamura H, Nagayoshi I, Takao K, Yoshida K, Yamaguchi T |title=Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in orthopedic conditions |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=155–62 |year=2004 |pmid=15233171 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4000 |accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref> A treatment lasting 42 days is practiced in a number of facilities.<ref>Putland M.D, Michael S., Hyperbaric Medicine, Capital Regional Medical Center, Tallahassee, Florida, personal inquiry June 2008.</ref> | ||
===Surgery=== | ===Surgery=== | ||
Osteomyelitis also may require surgical [[debridement]]. Severe cases may lead to the loss of a limb. | Osteomyelitis also may require surgical [[debridement]]. Severe cases may lead to the loss of a limb. | ||
===Prevention=== | |||
==Presentation on Osteomyelitis== | ==Presentation on Osteomyelitis== | ||
Revision as of 13:59, 23 March 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Nate Michalak, B.A.
Overview
Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone or bone marrow, usually caused by pyogenic bacteria or mycobacteria. It can be usefully subclassifed on the basis of the causative organism, the route, duration and anatomic location of the infection.[1]
Historical Perspective
Osteomyelitis has been described since antiquity and evidence of the disease exists in dinosaur fossils. The disease used to be called "abscessus in medulla", "necrosis" and "boil of the bone marrow" until Auguste Nelation coined the term osteomyelitis in 1844. NJ Blockey, JT Watson, and TA McAllister developed treatment strategies for osteomyelitis in 1970 upon which current clinical practices are based.
Pathophysiology
Causes
Classification
Differentiating Osteomyelitis from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Diagnosis
=History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
X Ray
Diagnosis of osteomyelitis is often based on radiologic results showing a lytic center with a ring of sclerosis, though bone cultures are normally required to identify the specific pathogen. Conventional radiographic evaluation of acute osteomyelitis is insufficient because bone changes are not evident for 14–21 days after the onset of infection.
CT
Although MR imaging is the accepted modality of choice for the early detection and surgical localization of osteomyelitis, in the emergency department, CT is usually more readily available for establishing the diagnosis. [2]
At CT, features of bacterial osteomyelitis include overlying soft-tissue swelling, periosteal reaction, medullary low-attenuation areas or trabecular coarsening, and focal cortical erosions.
MRI
MR imaging is the accepted modality of choice for the early detection and surgical localization of osteomyelitis.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Osteomyelitis often requires prolonged antibiotic therapy, with a course lasting a matter of weeks or months. A PICC line or central venous catheter is often placed for this purpose. Initial first line antibiotic choice is determined by the patient's history and regional differences in common infective organisms. Prior to the widespread availability and use of antibiotics, blow fly larvae were sometimes deliberately introduced to the wounds to feed on the infected material, effectively scouring them clean. [3][4]Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been shown to be a useful adjunct to the treatment of refractory osteomyelitis.[5][6] A treatment lasting 42 days is practiced in a number of facilities.[7]
Surgery
Osteomyelitis also may require surgical debridement. Severe cases may lead to the loss of a limb.
Prevention
Presentation on Osteomyelitis
{{#ev:youtube|LjIv_3WavBU}}
References
- ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 810-811 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1
- ↑ Laura M. Fayad, John A. Carrino, and Elliot K. Fishman. Musculoskeletal Infection: Role of CT in the Emergency Department. RadioGraphics 2007 27: 1723-1736.
- ↑ Baer M.D., William S. (1931). "The Treatment of Chronic Osteomyelitis with the Maggot (Larva of the Blow Fly)". Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 13: 438–475. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ↑ McKeever, Duncan Clark (2008). "The classic: maggots in treatment of osteomyelitis: a simple inexpensive method. 1933". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 466 (6): 1329–35. doi:10.1007/s11999-008-0240-5. PMID 18404291. Unknown parameter
|quotes=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Mader JT, Adams KR, Sutton TE (1987). "Infectious diseases: pathophysiology and mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen". J. Hyperbaric Med. 2 (3): 133–140. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ↑ Kawashima M, Tamura H, Nagayoshi I, Takao K, Yoshida K, Yamaguchi T (2004). "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in orthopedic conditions". Undersea Hyperb Med. 31 (1): 155–62. PMID 15233171. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ↑ Putland M.D, Michael S., Hyperbaric Medicine, Capital Regional Medical Center, Tallahassee, Florida, personal inquiry June 2008.