Malaria natural history, complications, and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
* Consequences of severe malaria include [[coma]] and death if untreated—young children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable. [[Splenomegaly]] (enlarged spleen), severe [[headache]], cerebral [[ischemia]], [[hepatomegaly]] (enlarged liver), [[hypoglycemia]], and hemoglobinuria with [[renal failure]] may occur. | * Consequences of severe malaria include [[coma]] and death if untreated—young children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable. [[Splenomegaly]] ([[enlarged spleen]]), severe [[headache]], cerebral [[ischemia]], [[hepatomegaly]] ([[enlarged liver]]), [[hypoglycemia]], and hemoglobinuria with [[renal failure]] may occur. | ||
* Renal failure may cause [[blackwater fever]], where hemoglobin from lysed red blood cells leaks into the [[urine]]. | * Renal failure may cause [[blackwater fever]], where hemoglobin from lysed red blood cells leaks into the [[urine]]. | ||
Revision as of 21:45, 20 December 2012
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Natural History
- Severe malaria is almost exclusively caused by P. falciparum infection and usually arises 6-14 days after infection.[1]
- Severe malaria can progress extremely rapidly and cause death within hours or days.[1] In the most severe cases of the disease fatality rates can exceed 20%, even with intensive care and treatment.[2]
Complications
- Consequences of severe malaria include coma and death if untreated—young children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable. Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), severe headache, cerebral ischemia, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), hypoglycemia, and hemoglobinuria with renal failure may occur.
- Renal failure may cause blackwater fever, where hemoglobin from lysed red blood cells leaks into the urine.
Prognosis
- In endemic areas, the overall fatality rate for all cases of malaria can be as high as one in ten.[3] Over the longer term, developmental impairments have been documented in children who have suffered episodes of severe malaria.[4]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Trampuz A, Jereb M, Muzlovic I, Prabhu R (2003). "Clinical review: Severe malaria". Crit Care. 7 (4): 315–23. PMID 12930555.
- ↑ Kain K, Harrington M, Tennyson S, Keystone J (1998). "Imported malaria: prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management". Clin Infect Dis. 27 (1): 142–9. PMID 9675468.
- ↑ Mockenhaupt F, Ehrhardt S, Burkhardt J, Bosomtwe S, Laryea S, Anemana S, Otchwemah R, Cramer J, Dietz E, Gellert S, Bienzle U (2004). "Manifestation and outcome of severe malaria in children in northern Ghana". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 71 (2): 167–72. PMID 15306705.
- ↑ Carter JA, Ross AJ, Neville BG, Obiero E, Katana K, Mung'ala-Odera V, Lees JA, Newton CR (2005). "Developmental impairments following severe falciparum malaria in children". Trop Med Int Health. 10: 3–10. PMID 15655008.