Delirium tremens causes: Difference between revisions
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==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Causes of delirium tremens include | Causes of delirium tremens include | ||
* [[Alcohol withdrawal]] | * [[Alcohol withdrawal]] | ||
* [[Benzodiazepine withdrawal ]] | * [[Benzodiazepine withdrawal ]] | ||
* [[Barbiturate]] withdrawal | * [[Barbiturate]] withdrawal | ||
Delirium tremens can occur after a period of heavy alcohol drinking, especially when the person does not eat enough food. | |||
It may also be triggered by head injury, infection, or illness in people with a history of heavy use of alcohol. | |||
It is most common in people who have a history of alcohol withdrawal, especially in those who drink the equivalent of 7 - 8 pints of beer (or 1 pint of "hard" alcohol) every day for several months. Delirium tremens also commonly affects those with a history of habitual alcohol use or alcoholism that has existed for more than 10 years. | |||
The exact pharmacology of ethanol is not fully understood: however, it is theorized that delirium tremens is caused by the effect of alcohol on the benzodiazepine-GABA<sub>A</sub>-chloride receptor complex for the inhibitory neurotransmitter [[Gamma-aminobutyric acid|GABA]]. Constant consumption of [[alcoholic beverage]]s (and the consequent chronic sedation) causes a counterregulatory response in the brain in attempt to regain [[homeostasis]]. | |||
This causes [[downregulation]] of these [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]]s, as well as an up-regulation in the production of excitatory [[neurotransmitters]] such as norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine, and serotonin - all of which further the drinker's tolerance to alcohol and may intensify [[tonic-clonic seizure]]s. When alcohol is no longer consumed, these down-regulated GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor complexes are so insensitive to GABA that the typical amount of GABA produced has little effect; compounded with the fact that GABA normally inhibits [[action potential]] formation, there are not as many receptors for GABA to bind to - meaning that [[sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic]] activation is unopposed. This is also known as an "[[adrenergic]] storm". Effects of this "[[adrenergic]] storm" can include (but are not limited to) [[tachycardia]], [[hypertension]], [[hyperthermia]], [[hyperreflexia]], [[diaphoresis]], [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], [[cardiac arrhythmia]], [[stroke]], [[anxiety]], [[panic attacks]], [[paranoia]], and [[agitation]]. | |||
This is all made worse by excitatory neurotransmitter upregulation, so not only is sympathetic nervous system over-activity unopposed by GABA, there is also more of the [[serotonin]], [[norepinephrine]], [[dopamine]], [[epinephrine]], and particularly [[glutamate]]. Excitory [[NMDA receptor]]s are also upregulated, contributing to the delirium and neurotoxicity (by [[excitotoxicity]]) of withdrawal. Direct measurements of central norepinephrine and its metabolites is in direct correlation to the severity of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0847/is_n4_v13/ai_8276920] | |||
It is possible that [[Psychology|psychological]] (''i.e.'', non-physical) factors also play a role, especially those of [[infection]]s, [[malnutrition]], or other underlying medical disorders - often related to [[alcoholism]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:52, 28 February 2013
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Causes
Causes of delirium tremens include
Delirium tremens can occur after a period of heavy alcohol drinking, especially when the person does not eat enough food. It may also be triggered by head injury, infection, or illness in people with a history of heavy use of alcohol.
It is most common in people who have a history of alcohol withdrawal, especially in those who drink the equivalent of 7 - 8 pints of beer (or 1 pint of "hard" alcohol) every day for several months. Delirium tremens also commonly affects those with a history of habitual alcohol use or alcoholism that has existed for more than 10 years.
The exact pharmacology of ethanol is not fully understood: however, it is theorized that delirium tremens is caused by the effect of alcohol on the benzodiazepine-GABAA-chloride receptor complex for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Constant consumption of alcoholic beverages (and the consequent chronic sedation) causes a counterregulatory response in the brain in attempt to regain homeostasis.
This causes downregulation of these receptors, as well as an up-regulation in the production of excitatory neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine, and serotonin - all of which further the drinker's tolerance to alcohol and may intensify tonic-clonic seizures. When alcohol is no longer consumed, these down-regulated GABAA receptor complexes are so insensitive to GABA that the typical amount of GABA produced has little effect; compounded with the fact that GABA normally inhibits action potential formation, there are not as many receptors for GABA to bind to - meaning that sympathetic activation is unopposed. This is also known as an "adrenergic storm". Effects of this "adrenergic storm" can include (but are not limited to) tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, hyperreflexia, diaphoresis, heart attack, cardiac arrhythmia, stroke, anxiety, panic attacks, paranoia, and agitation.
This is all made worse by excitatory neurotransmitter upregulation, so not only is sympathetic nervous system over-activity unopposed by GABA, there is also more of the serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine, and particularly glutamate. Excitory NMDA receptors are also upregulated, contributing to the delirium and neurotoxicity (by excitotoxicity) of withdrawal. Direct measurements of central norepinephrine and its metabolites is in direct correlation to the severity of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.[3]
It is possible that psychological (i.e., non-physical) factors also play a role, especially those of infections, malnutrition, or other underlying medical disorders - often related to alcoholism.