|
|
| Line 5: |
Line 5: |
| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| The only forms of '''male [[contraceptive]]s''' currently available to men are [[condom]]s, the [[coitus interruptus|withdrawal method]], and [[vasectomy]]. Other forms of male contraception are in various stages of research and development. | | The only forms of '''male [[contraceptive]]s''' currently available to men are [[condom]]s, the [[coitus interruptus|withdrawal method]], and [[vasectomy]]. Other forms of male contraception are in various stages of research and development. |
|
| |
| ==Historical Perspective==
| |
| * [[Gossypol]], derived from cotton seeds, was used in trials by the Chinese government for about fifteen years. While it was found to be a reliable contraceptive, it has serious health effects, and ten to twenty percent of users become permanently sterile. Research on it as a temporary contraceptive has been abandoned.
| |
| * Zavesca (aka Miglustat or NB-DNJ) is a drug approved for treatment of several rare lipid storage disorder diseases. In mice, it provided effective and fully reversible contraception. But it seems this effect was only true for several genetically related strains of laboratory mice. Zavesca showed no contraceptive effect in other mammals.<ref>Amory JK, Muller CH, Page ST, Leifke E, Pagel ER, Bhandari A, Subramanyam B, Bone W, Radlmaier A, Bremner WJ. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17067996&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum Miglustat has no apparent effect on spermatogenesis in normal men]. ''Human Reproduction'' advance access 25 October 2006.</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ==Future or Investigational Therapies==
| |
| * '''[[Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance]]''' ([[RISUG]]) consists of injecting styrene maleic anhydride in dimethyl sulfoxide into the [[vas deferens]] and leads to long lasting sterility. A second injection washes out the substance and restores fertility. As of 2007, RISUG is in [[Clinical_trial#Phase_III|Phase III]] of human testing.<ref name="Finn"/>
| |
| * '''[[Vas-occlusive contraception]]''' consists of partially or completely blocking the [[vas deferens]], the tubes connecting the epididymis to the [[urethra]]. While a [[vasectomy]] removes a piece of each vas deferens, the ''intra vas device'' (IVD) and other injectable plugs only block the tubes until the devices are removed.<ref name="Finn"/>
| |
| * '''[[Heat-based contraception]]''' involves heating the testicles to a high temperature for a short period of time to prevent the formation of sperm.
| |
| * '''[[Adjudin]]''', a non-toxic analog of lonidamine which, in tests on rats, has been shown to cause reversible infertility.<ref>Dolores D. Mruk and C. Yan Cheng. Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-Germ Cell Interactions and Their Significance in Germ Cell Movement in the Seminiferous Epithelium during Spermatogenesis. Endocrine Reviews (2004) 25 (5): 747-806</ref> The drug disrupts the junctions between nurse cells ([[Sertoli cells]]) in the testes and forming [[spermatids]]. The sperm are released prematurely and never become functional [[gametes]]. A new targeted delivery mechanism has made Adjudin much more effective.<ref>Mruk DD, Wong CH, Silvestrini B, Cheng CH (2006) [http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nm1420.html A male contraceptive targeting germ cell adhesion] ''Nature Medicine'' advance access 29 October 2006.</ref>
| |
| * A '''male hormonal contraceptive''' combination protocol has been developed, involving injections of [[Depo-Provera]] to prevent [[spermatogenesis]], combined with the topical application of [[testosterone]] gel to provide hormonal support.<ref name="Finn">{{cite journal |author=Robert Finn |title=Male Contraceptive Methods Are in the Pipeline |journal=Ob.Gyn. News 42:28 May 1, 2007}}</ref><ref>Nuzzo R (2006) [http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-lab16oct16,0,4285327,full.story Beyond condoms: male hormonal contraceptives may finally be on track]. ''Los Angeles Times'', 16 October.</ref>
| |
| * Research has been performed on interference with the maturation of sperm in the [[epididymis]].<ref>Turner TT, Johnston DS, Jelinsky SA (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16458420&query_hl=1 Epididymal genomics and the search for a male contraceptive] ''Journal of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology''. Released as an Epub ahead of printing on 1 February 2006.</ref><ref>Gottwald U, Davies B, Fritsch M, Habenicht UF (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16442214&query_hl=1 New approaches for male fertility control: HE6 as an example of a putative target] ''Journal of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology''. Released as an Epub ahead of printing on 23 January 2006. lIKE EWE
| |
| </ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| ==References== | | ==References== |