Otitis media pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Otitis media}} | {{Otitis media}} | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{LRO}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
==Pathogenesis== | |||
*Otitis media develops as a result of [[nasopharanx]] [[inflammation]] as a result of [[infection|infections]], such as [[viral]] [[upper respiratory infection]] and [[strep throat]].<ref name="pmid24400296">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coticchia JM, Chen M, Sachdeva L, Mutchnick S |title=New paradigms in the pathogenesis of otitis media in children |journal=Front Pediatr |volume=1 |issue= |pages=52 |year=2013 |pmid=24400296 |pmc=3874850 |doi=10.3389/fped.2013.00052 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**Rarely it can result as from symptoms of [[allergies]].<ref name="pmid15971648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen LH, Manoukian JJ, Tewfik TL, Sobol SE, Joubert P, Mazer BD, Schloss MD, Taha R, Hamid QA |title=Evidence of allergic inflammation in the middle ear and nasopharynx in atopic children with otitis media with effusion |journal=J Otolaryngol |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=345–51 |year=2004 |pmid=15971648 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*[[Nasopharyngitis]] is caused by the inhalation of [[respiratory]] droplets containing [[viral]] infection, usually [[rhinovirus]] or similar [[upper respiratory infection]] causing viruses.<ref name="MicroBio4">{{cite book | last = Baron | first = Samuel | title = Medical microbiology | publisher = University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston | location = Galveston, Tex | year = 1996 | isbn = 0963117211 }}</ref> | |||
**The viruses penetrate through the [[epithelial]] [[cells] in respiratory [[mucosa]]. | |||
**The virus infiltrates [[histiocytes]], [[lymphocytes]], [[plasma cells]], and [[neutrophils]] [[White blood cells|white blood cells]]. | |||
**[[Inflammation]] is caused by the up-regulated production of [[cytokines]], localized in the [[nasopharynx]], evidenced by [[nasal]] secretions of [[proteins]] and [[immunoglobin]]. | |||
*[[Bacterial]] infections, including ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'', ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'', ''[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]'', and ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' can also result in [[nasopharyngitis]].<ref name="pmid24453496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M |title=Update on otitis media - prevention and treatment |journal=Infect Drug Resist |volume=7 |issue= |pages=15–24 |year=2014 |pmid=24453496 |pmc=3894142 |doi=10.2147/IDR.S39637 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*[[Nasopharyngitis]] results in [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction due to congestion from [[mucus]] production as a result of infection.<ref name="pmid24453496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M |title=Update on otitis media - prevention and treatment |journal=Infect Drug Resist |volume=7 |issue= |pages=15–24 |year=2014 |pmid=24453496 |pmc=3894142 |doi=10.2147/IDR.S39637 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**Pressure regulation in the [[inner ear]] is altered as the surrounding tissue absorbs trapped trapped gas.<ref name="urlOtitis media with effusion: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007010.htm |title=Otitis media with effusion: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
**Negative pressure results in middle-ear effusion of fluid into the [[tympanic cavity]]. | |||
*The fluid may contain the [[viral]] or [[bacterial]] [[pathogens]] for [[nasopharyngitis]], infecting the middle ear. | |||
*Otitis media results from the [[inflammatory]] response to the middle ear infection. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Primary care]] | [[Category:Primary care]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
Revision as of 16:39, 24 March 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.
Overview
Pathogenesis
- Otitis media develops as a result of nasopharanx inflammation as a result of infections, such as viral upper respiratory infection and strep throat.[1]
- Nasopharyngitis is caused by the inhalation of respiratory droplets containing viral infection, usually rhinovirus or similar upper respiratory infection causing viruses.[3]
- The viruses penetrate through the epithelial [[cells] in respiratory mucosa.
- The virus infiltrates histiocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils white blood cells.
- Inflammation is caused by the up-regulated production of cytokines, localized in the nasopharynx, evidenced by nasal secretions of proteins and immunoglobin.
- Bacterial infections, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus can also result in nasopharyngitis.[4]
- Nasopharyngitis results in eustachian tube dysfunction due to congestion from mucus production as a result of infection.[4]
- Pressure regulation in the inner ear is altered as the surrounding tissue absorbs trapped trapped gas.[5]
- Negative pressure results in middle-ear effusion of fluid into the tympanic cavity.
- The fluid may contain the viral or bacterial pathogens for nasopharyngitis, infecting the middle ear.
- Otitis media results from the inflammatory response to the middle ear infection.
References
- ↑ Coticchia JM, Chen M, Sachdeva L, Mutchnick S (2013). "New paradigms in the pathogenesis of otitis media in children". Front Pediatr. 1: 52. doi:10.3389/fped.2013.00052. PMC 3874850. PMID 24400296.
- ↑ Nguyen LH, Manoukian JJ, Tewfik TL, Sobol SE, Joubert P, Mazer BD, Schloss MD, Taha R, Hamid QA (2004). "Evidence of allergic inflammation in the middle ear and nasopharynx in atopic children with otitis media with effusion". J Otolaryngol. 33 (6): 345–51. PMID 15971648.
- ↑ Baron, Samuel (1996). Medical microbiology. Galveston, Tex: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. ISBN 0963117211.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M (2014). "Update on otitis media - prevention and treatment". Infect Drug Resist. 7: 15–24. doi:10.2147/IDR.S39637. PMC 3894142. PMID 24453496.
- ↑ "Otitis media with effusion: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".