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In primary TB disease—1 to 5% of cases—this occurs soon after infection. However, in the majority of cases, a latent infection occurs that has no obvious symptoms. These dormant bacilli can produce tuberculosis in 2 to 23% of these latent cases, often many years after infection.<ref name=Parrish_1998>{{cite journal |author=Parrish N, Dick J, Bishai W |title=Mechanisms of latency in Mycobacterium tuberculosis |journal=Trends Microbiol |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=107-12 |year=1998 | pmid = 9582936}}</ref> The risk of reactivation increases with [[immunosuppression]], such as that caused by infection with HIV. In patients co-infected with [[HIV]], the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. | In primary TB disease—1 to 5% of cases—this occurs soon after infection. However, in the majority of cases, a latent infection occurs that has no obvious symptoms. These dormant bacilli can produce tuberculosis in 2 to 23% of these latent cases, often many years after infection.<ref name=Parrish_1998>{{cite journal |author=Parrish N, Dick J, Bishai W |title=Mechanisms of latency in Mycobacterium tuberculosis |journal=Trends Microbiol |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=107-12 |year=1998 | pmid = 9582936}}</ref> The risk of reactivation increases with [[immunosuppression]], such as that caused by infection with HIV. In patients co-infected with [[HIV]], the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. | ||
The following people are at higher risk for active [[TB]]: | |||
* Elderly | |||
* Infants | |||
* People with weakened [[immune system]]s, such as: | |||
:* [[AIDS]] | |||
:* [[Diabetes]] | |||
:* [[Silicosis]] | |||
:* [[Malignancy]] | |||
* [[hematology|Hematologic]] and [[Reticuloendothelial system|reticuloendothelial]] disease | |||
:* [[End-stage kidney disease]] | |||
:* History of [[gastrectomy]] | |||
:* [[Malabsorption syndrome]] | |||
[[ | * Or those taking medications, such as: | ||
:* [[Chemotherapy]] | |||
:* [[Immunosuppressive]] medications, such as [[corticosteroids]], [[tumor necrosis factor-alpha]] blockers<ref name=Mutlu_2006>{{cite journal |author=Mutlu G, Mutlu E, Bellmeyer A, Rubinstein I |title=Pulmonary adverse events of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody therapy |journal=Am J Med |volume=119 |issue=8 |pages=639-46 |year=2006 | pmid = 16887405}}</ref> | |||
Your risk of contracting [[TB]] increases if you: | |||
* Are in frequent contact with people who have [[TB]] | |||
* Have poor [[nutrition]] | |||
* Live in crowded place or with poor hygiene | |||
The following factors may increase the rate of [[TB]] [[infection]] in a population: | |||
* Chest X-ray with evidence of previous TB disease | |||
* Increase in [[HIV]] infections | |||
* Increase in number of homeless people | |||
* The appearance of [[drug-resistant]] strains of [[TB]] | |||
===Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis=== | |||
[[Drug resistance]] is more common in people who:<ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis | url = http://www.who.int/tb/challenges/mdr/en/ }}</ref> | |||
* Do not take their [[TB]] medicine regularly | |||
* Do not take all of their [[TB]] medicine as told by their doctor or nurse | |||
* Develop [[TB]] disease again, after having taken [[TB]] medicine in the past | |||
* Come from areas of the world where [[drug-resistant]] [[TB]] is common | |||
* Have spent time with someone known to have [[drug-resistant]] [[TB]] disease | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Progression from TB infection to TB disease occurs when the TB bacilli overcome the immune system defenses and begin to multiply.
Risk Factors
In primary TB disease—1 to 5% of cases—this occurs soon after infection. However, in the majority of cases, a latent infection occurs that has no obvious symptoms. These dormant bacilli can produce tuberculosis in 2 to 23% of these latent cases, often many years after infection.[1] The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In patients co-infected with HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year.
The following people are at higher risk for active TB:
- Elderly
- Infants
- People with weakened immune systems, such as:
- Hematologic and reticuloendothelial disease
- End-stage kidney disease
- History of gastrectomy
- Or those taking medications, such as:
- Immunosuppressive medications, such as corticosteroids, tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers[2]
Your risk of contracting TB increases if you:
- Are in frequent contact with people who have TB
- Have poor nutrition
- Live in crowded place or with poor hygiene
The following factors may increase the rate of TB infection in a population:
- Chest X-ray with evidence of previous TB disease
- Increase in HIV infections
- Increase in number of homeless people
- The appearance of drug-resistant strains of TB
Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Drug resistance is more common in people who:[3]
- Do not take their TB medicine regularly
- Do not take all of their TB medicine as told by their doctor or nurse
- Develop TB disease again, after having taken TB medicine in the past
- Come from areas of the world where drug-resistant TB is common
- Have spent time with someone known to have drug-resistant TB disease
References
- ↑ Parrish N, Dick J, Bishai W (1998). "Mechanisms of latency in Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Trends Microbiol. 6 (3): 107–12. PMID 9582936.
- ↑ Mutlu G, Mutlu E, Bellmeyer A, Rubinstein I (2006). "Pulmonary adverse events of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody therapy". Am J Med. 119 (8): 639–46. PMID 16887405.
- ↑ "Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis".