Congestive heart failure

Congestive Heart Failure Microchapters
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Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology Systolic Dysfunction Diastolic Dysfunction HFpEF HFrEF
Causes
Differentiating Congestive heart failure from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Clinical Assessment
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
Chest X Ray
Cardiac MRI
Echocardiography
Exercise Stress Test
Myocardial Viability Studies
Cardiac Catheterization
Other Imaging Studies
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring
Medical Therapy:
Summary
Acute Pharmacotherapy
Chronic Pharmacotherapy in HFpEF
Chronic Pharmacotherapy in HFrEF Diuretics ACE Inhibitors Angiotensin receptor blockers Aldosterone Antagonists Beta Blockers Ca Channel Blockers Nitrates Hydralazine Positive Inotropics Anticoagulants Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor Antiarrhythmic Drugs Nutritional Supplements Hormonal Therapies Drugs to Avoid Drug Interactions Treatment of underlying causes Associated conditions
Exercise Training
Surgical Therapy: Biventricular Pacing or Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) Implantation of Intracardiac Defibrillator Ultrafiltration Cardiac Surgery Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs) Cardiac Transplantation
ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations Initial and Serial Evaluation of the HF Patient Hospitalized Patient Patients With a Prior MI Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF Patients at high risk for developing heart failure (Stage A) Patients with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling who have not developed heart failure symptoms (Stage B) Patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C) Patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D) Coordinating Care for Patients With Chronic HF Quality Metrics/Performance Measures
Implementation of Practice Guidelines
Congestive heart failure end-of-life considerations
Specific Groups: Special Populations Patients who have concomitant disorders Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Patient with CHF NSTEMI with Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock
Congestive heart failure On the Web
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NICE Guidance
FDA on Congestive heart failure
CDC on Congestive heart failure
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Directions to Hospitals Treating Congestive heart failure
Risk calculators and risk factors for Congestive heart failure

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [3]

Synonyms and Related Key Words: CHF, pump failure, left heart failure, right heart failure, chronic heart failure, acute heart failure, flash pulmonary edema, congestion, systolic dysfunction, LV dysfunction, LV failure, impaired filling, reduced cardiac output, pulmonary edema

Pathophysiology

Systolic dysfunction | Diastolic dysfunction

Diagnosis

Clinical Assessment | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | Chest X Ray | Echocardiography | Cardiac MRI | Exercise Stress Test | Myocardial Viability Studies | Cardiac Catheterization | Endomyocardial biopsy

Treatment

Medical Therapy:

Acute Pharmacotherapy

Chronic Pharmacotherapy: Diuretics | ACE Inhibitors | Angiotensin receptor blockers | Aldosterone Antagonists | Beta Blockers | Ca Channel Blockers | Nitrates | Hydralazine | Positive Inotropics | Anticoagulants | Antiarrhythmic Drugs | Nutritional Supplements | Hormonal Therapies

Drugs to Avoid Drug Interactions

Surgical Therapy:

Biventricular Pacing or Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) | Implantation of Intracardiac Defibrillator | Ultrafiltration | Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs) | Cardiac Transplantation | Cardiac Surgery

ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations

Stage A: Patients at High Risk for Developing Heart Failure

Treatment of Hypertension | Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus | Management of Metabolic Syndrome | Management of Atherosclerotic Disease | Control of Conditions That May Cause Heart Failure | ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations

Specific Groups

Special Populations | Patients who have concomitant disorders | Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Patient with CHF

Sources

• The ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult

• 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation