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==Causes==
==Causes==
Many cases are likely due to [[Herpes Simplex Virus]] (HSV) reactivation
===Common Causes===
===Infectious Causes===
 
*[[Herpes simplex virus]] activation is the most likely cause of Bell's Palsy.  
*[[Herpes Zoster]] may be the second most common viral infection.
 
===Causes by Organ System===
 
{|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
 
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
 
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Dental'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Dermatologic'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Endocrine'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Environmental'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Genetic'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Hematologic'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Iatrogenic'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Infectious Disease'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Neurologic'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Oncologic'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Psychiatric'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Pulmonary'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Sexual'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Trauma'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Urologic'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 
| '''Miscellaneous'''
 
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
 
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
 
{{col-begin|width=85%}}
 
{{col-break|width=33%}}
 
 
{{col-break|width=33%}}
 
 
{{col-break|width=33%}}
 
 
{{col-end}}
 
====Infectious Causes====
*[[Herpes simplex virus]] reactivation is the most likely cause of Bell's Palsy.  
*[[Herpes Zoster]] may be the second most common viral infection.
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Epstein Barr virus]]
*[[Epstein Barr virus]]
Line 14: Line 263:
*[[Mumps]]
*[[Mumps]]
*[[Influenza B]]
*[[Influenza B]]
*[[Coxsackie]] virus 
*[[Coxsackievirus]]
*Rickettsial infection  
*[[Rickettsia|Rickettsial]] infection  
*[[Ehrlichiosis]]
*[[Ehrlichiosis]]
*Borrelia burdopheri
*[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]
*[[HIV]]
*Acute [[HIV]] infection
===Non-Infectious Causes===
====Non-Infectious Causes====
 
* Facial nerve inflammation
*Several cases of Bell' Palsy were linked to an inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine in Switzerland
*Genetic predisposition may be likely 
*[[Ischemia]] of the facial nerve  
*[[Ischemia]] of the facial nerve  
*Tumors and compression of the facial nerve
*Tumors and compression of the facial nerve
*Temporal bone fracture
*Ischemic mononeuropathy
*Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ([[SLE]])
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*Inactivated intranasal influenza vaccination was associated with several cases of Bell's palsy in Switzerland
===Lyme Disease===
 
*Facial nerve palsy is the most common cranial [[neuropathy]] associated with Lyme meningitis.
*Screening for antibodies to B. burgdorferi  not recommended among patients with seventh nerve palsy with no additional manifestations of Lyme disease.
*Findings suggestive of possible [[Lyme disease]] include the development of facial palsy in a young patient, heart block, arthritis, vertigo, and hearing loss.


===HIV===
*HIV infection rarely causes facial palsy.
*Onset at the time of sero-conversion when a [[CSF]] lymphocytosis is usually present.
*In the later stages when cellular immunity wanes, the facial palsy is typically due to another infection such as Zoster, chronic demyelinating polyradiculopathy, or meningeal [[lymphomatosis]].
===Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome===
*Facial paralysis, episodic facial swelling, and a fissured tongue, typically beginning in adolescence, with recurrent episodes of facial palsy.
*Incomplete forms of this syndrome outnumber those with the classic triad.
*The cause is unknown, and treatment unproven.
===Other Entities===
*Bacterial infection of the middle ear ([[otitis media]])
*[[Cholesteatoma]], or tumors should be suspected if the onset of facial palsy is gradual.
*[[Sarcoidosis]], especially in patients with bilateral facial palsy.
*[[Sjogren's syndrome]] is an unusual cause.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]

Revision as of 17:03, 8 July 2013

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Infectious Causes

Non-Infectious Causes

  • Facial nerve inflammation
  • Ischemia of the facial nerve
  • Tumors and compression of the facial nerve
  • Ischemic mononeuropathy
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Inactivated intranasal influenza vaccination was associated with several cases of Bell's palsy in Switzerland


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