Accommodative insufficiency: Difference between revisions
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|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular''' | |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular''' | ||
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | | |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Anemia]], [[arteriosclerosis]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[Down syndrome]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[thyroid disease]] | ||
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| '''Dermatologic''' | | '''Dermatologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Decompression sickness]], [[measles]] | ||
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| '''Drug Side Effect''' | | '''Drug Side Effect''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antidepressants]], [[antihistamines]], [[ritalin]], sulphasalazine | ||
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Revision as of 19:34, 11 July 2013
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Accommodative insufficiency (AI) involves the inability of the eye to focus properly on an object. Approximately 80 percent of children diagnosed with CI (convergence insufficiency) also demonstrate AI.
Causes
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | Anemia, arteriosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, Down syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, thyroid disease |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | Decompression sickness, measles |
| Drug Side Effect | Antidepressants, antihistamines, ritalin, sulphasalazine |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Aging
- Altitude
- Amblyopia
- Anemia
- Antidepressants
- Antihistamines
- Arteriosclerosis
- Astigmatism
- Cerebral palsy[6]
- Chronic alcoholism
- Convergence insufficiency
- Cycloplegia
- Decompression sickness[7]
- Diabetes mellitus
- Down syndrome[8]
- Extreme fatigue
- Eye strain
- Fragile X syndrome[9][10]
- Head trauma
- High stress
- Hyperopia
- Idiopathic
- Inability of the ciliary body to contract
- Influenza
- Left middle cerebral artery occlusion[11]
- Malnutrition
- Measles
- Mild traumatic brain injury[12]
- Multiple sclerosis
- Myasthenia gravis[13]
- Myopia
- Myotonic dystrophy
- Ocular inflammation
- Presbyopia[14]
- Pseudomyopia
- Ritalin
- Sclerosis of the crystalline lens
- Senile cataract
- Spasm of accommodation[15]
- Sulphasalazine[16]
- Systemic medication
- Thyroid disease
- Uveitis
- Video display terminals (VDT) users[17]
- Whiplash injuries
- Whooping cough
References
- ↑ Duke-Elder S. System of Ophthalmology, vol V Ophthalmic Optics and Refraction. St Louis, Mosby, 1970 451- 486.
- ↑ Cooper J. Accommodative dysfunction. In: Amos JF. Diagnosis and management in Vision Care. Boston: Butterworths, 1987 431-54.
- ↑ Daune A. Anomalies of Accommodation clinically considered. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1913 1 386- 400.
- ↑ Scheiman M, Wick B. Clinical management of binocular vision: Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye movement disorders. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002: 334-369.
- ↑ Daum KM. Accommodative insuffi ciency. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1983a 60 352-359.
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046282
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7213164
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046282
- ↑ http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/7629369/reload=0;jsessionid=GIw84eD55p97ltgUCakj.16
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7629369
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3394770
- ↑ http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/10/473/Green.html
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8583227
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046282
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6884172
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8102809
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8888886