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| {{Ophthalmoparesis}} | | {{Ophthalmoparesis}} |
| {{CMG}}
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| ==Overview==
| | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
| '''Ophthalmoparesis''' is a physical finding in certain [[neurology|neurologic]] illnesses. It refers to paralysis of the [[extraocular muscles]] which are responsible for [[eye movements]]. It can refer to complete paralysis of the eyes, in which case it is synonymous with '''ophthalmoplegia'''. More usually, it refers to a partial paralysis, in contrast to the complete paralysis denoted by ophthalmoplegia. | |
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| ==Classification==
| | {{CMG}} |
| Ophthalmoparesis can involve any or all of the extraocular muscles, which include the [[superior rectus muscle|superior recti]], [[inferior rectus muscle|inferior recti]], [[medial rectus muscle|medial recti]], [[lateral rectus muscle|lateral recti]], [[inferior oblique muscle|inferior oblique]] and [[superior oblique muscle]]s.
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| It can also be classified by the directions of affected movements, e.g. "vertical ophthalmoparesis".
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis overview|Overview]]== |
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| Types of ophthalmoplegia are:
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| *[[Progressive external ophthalmoplegia]]
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| *[[Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia]]
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| ==Causes== | |
| Ophthalmoparesis can result from disorders of various parts of the eye and nervous system:
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| * The [[orbit (anatomy)|orbit]] of the eye, including mechanical restrictions of eye movement, as in [[Graves' disease|Graves disease]].
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis classification|Classification]]== |
| * The [[muscle]], as in [[progressive external ophthalmoplegia]] or [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
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| * The [[neuromuscular junction]], as in [[myasthenia gravis]].
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| * The [[cranial nerves|cranial nerve]]s or their brainstem nuclei of the [[oculomotor nerve|oculomotor]], [[trochlear nerve|trochlear]], and [[abducens nerve|abducens]].
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| * White matter tracts in the brainstem, as in [[internuclear ophthalmoplegia]], an occasional finding in [[multiple sclerosis]].
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| * Injury to supranuclear structures, as in [[progressive supranuclear palsy]].
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| * Very rarely, disorders of higher brain structures, including the [[parietal lobe]]s of the cerebral cortex.
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| [[Thiamine]] deficiency can cause '''ophthalmoparesis''' in susceptible persons; this is part of the syndrome called [[Wernicke's encephalopathy|Wernicke encephalopathy]]. The causal pathway by which this occurs is unknown. Intoxication with certain substances, such as [[phenytoin]], can also cause ophthalmoparesis. | | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| ===Common Causes=== | | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis causes|Causes]]== |
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| *[[Alcoholism]]
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Ophthalmoparesis from other Diseases]]== |
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| *[[Brain aneurysm]]
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| *[[Brain injury]]
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| *[[Brain tumour]]
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| *Congenital [[ophthalmoplegia]]
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| | [[Ophthalmoparesis history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis CT|CT]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| *[[Diabetes]]
| | ==Treatment== |
| | | [[Ophthalmoparesis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| *[[Meningitis]]
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| *[[Multiple sclerosis]]
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| *[[Myasthenia gravis]]
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| *[[Syphilis]]
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| *[[Syringobulbia]]
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| *[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
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| *[[Tuberculosis]]
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| *Wernick's [[encephalopathy]]
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| ===Causes by Organ System===
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| {|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Carotid artery dissection]], [[Carotid-cavernous fistula]], [[Aortic coarctation|Coarctation of aorta]], [[Hypertension]], [[Ischemia|Ischemia ]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amnesic shellfish poisoning]], [[Aralytic shellfish poisoning|Aralytic shellfish poisoning ]], [[Venomous snake|Atractaspididae (african mole viper)]], [[Carbamate|Carbamates]], [[Marine toxins|Ciguatera poisoning]], [[Snakebites (Patient information)|Cobra poisoning ]], [[Venomous snake|Colubridae (boomslang, twig snake)]], Crotoxin [[Venomous snake|(rattlesnake)]], [[Venomous snake|Elapidae]], [[Eurotoxic shellfish poisoning]], [[Kraits]], [[Mamba]] snake, [[Notexin (tiger snake)]], [[Organophosphate|Organophosphates]], [[Scombroid food poisoning|Scombroid poisoning]], [[Taipoxin]] (taipan), [[Viperidae]] -[[bungarotoxin]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dermatologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Sturge-Weber syndrome]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aminoglycoside|Aminoglycoside ]], [[Atorvastatin]], [[Beta blockers]], [[Carbamate|Carbamates]], [[Carbamazepine]], [[Penicillamine|D-penicillamine]], [[Quinolone|Fluoroquinolone ]], [[Fluvastatin]], [[Glucocorticoids]], [[Gold]], [[Lithium]], [[Lovastatin]], [[Organophosphate|Organophosphates]], [[Phenytoin ]], [[Pitavastatin]], [[Pravastatin]], [[Pregabalin]], [[Simvastatin]], [[Vincristine]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| Acute bacterial rhino[[sinusitis]], [[Arias oculootoradial syndrome]], [[Gradenigo-lannois syndrome]], [[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]], [[Neck masses]], [[Otitis media]], [[Wildervanck syndrome]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Endocrine'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes mellitus]], [[Graves' disease]], [[Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Environmental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcoholism]], [[Amnesic shellfish poisoning]], [[Aralytic shellfish poisoning|Aralytic shellfish poisoning ]], [[Venomous snake|Atractaspididae (african mole viper)]], [[Botulism]], [[Carbamate|Carbamates]], [[Marine toxins|Ciguatera poisoning]], [[Snakebites (Patient information)|Cobra poisoning ]], [[Venomous snake|Colubridae (boomslang, twig snake)]], Crotoxin [[Venomous snake|(rattlesnake)]], [[Venomous snake|Elapidae]], [[Eurotoxic shellfish poisoning]], [[Gold]], [[Kraits]], [[Mamba]] snake, [[Notexin (tiger snake)]], [[Organophosphate|Organophosphates]], [[Scombroid food poisoning|Scombroid poisoning]], [[Taipoxin]] (taipan), [[Thiamine deficiency]], [[Tick paralysis]], [[Toscana virus]], [[Venomous snake|Viperidae beta-bungarotoxin]], [[Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Whipple's disease]],
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Genetic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aarskog syndrome]], Agenesis of [[extraocular muscles]], [[Angelman syndrome]], [[Athabaskan brain stem dysgenesis]], Autosomal-dominant [[progressive external opthalmoplegia]] (adPEO), [[Central core myopathy]], [[Centronuclear myopathy]], Christianson type x-linked [[mental retardation]], Congenital fiber-type disproportion [[myopathy]], Congenital [[fibrosis]] of [[extraocular muscles]](FEOM), [[Diabetes mellitus]], [[Duane ocular retraction syndrome]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], Familial [[horizontal gaze palsy]] with progressive [[scoliosis]], [[Fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration]], [[Friedreich ataxia]], Infantile-onset [[spinocerebellar ataxia]], [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]], [[Kufor-rakeb syndrome]], [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], [[Levic-stefanovic-nikolic syndrome ]], [[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy ]], [[MELAS syndrome]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]], [[Polycystic kidney disease ]], [[Vertebrobasilar insufficiency]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Hematologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Iatrogenic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amnesic shellfish poisoning]], [[Aralytic shellfish poisoning|Aralytic shellfish poisoning ]], [[Venomous snake|Atractaspididae (african mole viper)]], [[Brain injury]], [[Marine toxins|Ciguatera poisoning]], [[Snakebites (Patient information)|Cobra poisoning ]], [[Venomous snake|Colubridae (boomslang, twig snake)]], Crotoxin[[ Venomous snake|(rattle snake)]], [[Eurotoxic shellfish poisoning]], [[Eye Packing]], [[Gold]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome ]], [[Kraits]], [[Epidural anesthesia ]], [[Magnesium sulfate]], [[Mamba]] snake, [[Notexin (tiger snake)]], [[Raised intracranial pressure]], [[Scombroid food poisoning|Scombroid poisoning]], [[Taipoxin]] (taipan), [[Tick paralysis]], [[Venomous snake|Viperidae beta-bungarotoxin]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Infectious Disease'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| Acute bacterial rhino[[sinusitis]], [[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]], [[Aspergillus]], [[Bacterial conjunctivitis]], [[Blepharitis]], [[Botulism]], [[Brain abscess]], [[Episcleritis]], Fungal [[conjunctivitis]], [[Infection ]], Inflamed [[pterygium]], [[Optic neuritis]], [[Otitis media]], [[Periorbital cellulitis]], Preseptal [[cellulitis]], [[Quaternary syphilis]], [[Rabies]], Rhino-orbital-cerebral [[mucormycosis ]], [[Scleritis]], [[Toscana virus]], [[Tuberculosis]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aarskog syndrome]], [[Angelman syndrome]], [[Ataxia]]-oculomotor apraxia type 1, [[Central core myopathy]], Central nervous system [[angiitis]], [[Centronuclear myopathy]], Congenital fiber-type disproportion [[myopathy]], [[Duane ocular retraction syndrome]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], [[Kufor-rakeb syndrome]], [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], [[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy ]], Multicore [[myopathy]], [[Myasthenia gravis]], [[Myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Myotubular myopathy ]], [[Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Neurologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]], [[Angelman syndrome]], [[Arachnoid cyst]], [[Ataxia]]-oculomotor [[apraxia]] type 1, [[Ataxia]]-oculomotor [[apraxia]] type 2], [[Athabaskan brain stem dysgenesis]], Autosomal-dominant progressive [[external opthalmoplegia]] (adPEO), Basilar artery [[migraine]], [[Benedikt's syndrome]], [[Berry aneurysm]], Bickerstaff's brain stem [[encephalitis]], [[Brain abscess]], [[Brain injury]], [[Brain tumour]], [[Cavernous sinus]] dural [[arteriovenous fistula ]], [[Cavernous sinus thrombosis]], [[Central core myopathy]], Central nervous system [[angiitis]], [[Centronuclear myopathy]], Christianson type x-linked [[mental retardation]], [[Claude syndrome]], [[Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)]], [[Dermoid cyst]], [[Foville's syndrome]], [[Friedreich ataxia]], [[Graves' disease]], [[Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome ]], [[Horner's syndrome]], Infantile-onset [[spinocerebellar ataxia]], [[Intracranial aneurysm]], [[Intracranial space-occupying lesion]], [[Ischemia|Ischemia ]], [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]], [[Kufor-rakeb syndrome]], [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], [[Lateral medullary syndrome]], [[Levic-stefanovic-nikolic syndrome ]], [[Miller fisher syndrome]], Multicore [[myopathy]], [[Multiple sclerosis]], [[Myasthenia gravis]], [[Myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Myotubular myopathy ]], [[Neuromyelitis optica]], [[Neurosarcoidosis]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[Nothnagel syndrome]], [[Olivopontocerebellar]] syndrome, [[Pancoast tumour]], Paraneoplastic [[encephalomyelitis]], [[Parinaud's syndrome ]], [[Pituitary apoplexy]], [[Progressive supranuclear palsy]], [[Pseudoophthalmoplegia]], [[Pseudotumor cerebri]], [[Quaternary syphilis]], [[Raised intracranial pressure]], [[Raymond cestan syndrome]], Rhino-orbital-cerebral [[mucormycosis ]], [[Rollet syndrome ]], [[Sturge-Weber syndrome]], [[Subarchnoid]] [[hemorrhage]], [[Subdural]] [[hematoma]], [[Syringobulbia]], [[Tick paralysis]], [[Tolosa-hunt syndrome]], [[Transverse myelitis]], [[Vertebrobasilar insufficiency]], [[Weber syndrome]], [[Wildervanck syndrome]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration]], [[Hypermagnesemia]], [[Hypocalcemia ]], [[Magnesium sulfate]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[Thiamine deficiency]], [[Uremia]], [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Postnatal trauma]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Oncologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arachnoid cyst]], [[Brain tumour]], [[Carcinoma lung]], [[Dermoid cyst]], [[Intracranial space-occupying lesion]], [[Melanoma]]-associated [[retinopathy]], [[Metastasis]], [[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]], [[Neck masses]], [[Orbital tumors ]], Paraneoplastic [[encephalomyelitis]], Paraneoplastic [[optic neuritis]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ophthalmologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| Agenesis of [[extraocular muscles]], [[Arias oculootoradial syndrome]], [[Ataxia]]-oculomotor [[apraxia]] type 1, [[Ataxia]]-oculomotor [[apraxia]] type 2, Autosomal-dominant [[progressive external opthalmoplegia]] (adPEO), [[Bacterial conjunctivitis]], [[Blepharitis]], [[Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)]], Congenital fiber-type disproportion [[myopathy]], Congenital [[fibrosis]] of [[extraocular muscles]](FEOM), [[Corneal erosion]], [[Corneal ulcer]], [[Duane ocular retraction syndrome]], [[Ehlers Danlos syndrome]], [[Episcleritis]], [[Exophthalmos]], [[Eye Packing]], Familial horizontal gaze palsy with progressive [[scoliosis]], Fungal [[conjunctivitis]], Inflamed [[pterygium]], [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]], [[Levic-stefanovic-nikolic syndrome ]], [[Melanoma]]-associated [[retinopathy]], [[Neuromyelitis optica]], [[Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]], [[Optic neuritis]], [[Orbital fracture]] with nerve entrapment, [[Orbital pseudotumor]], [[Orbital tumors ]], Paraneoplastic [[optic neuritis]], [[Periorbital cellulitis]], Preseptal [[cellulitis]], [[Progressive supranuclear palsy]], [[Pseudoophthalmoplegia]], [[Raymond cestan syndrome]], Rhino-orbital-cerebral [[mucormycosis ]], [[Rollet syndrome ]], [[Scleritis]], [[Sjögren's syndrome]], [[Superior orbital fissure syndrome]], [[Tolosa-hunt syndrome]], [[Trachoma]], [[Wildervanck syndrome]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Psychiatric'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Pulmonary'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carcinoma lung]], [[Pancoast tumour]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Polycystic kidney disease ]], [[Uremia]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| Bickerstaff's brain stem [[encephalitis]], [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Microscopic polyangiitis]], [[Neurosarcoidosis]], [[Optic neuritis]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Scleroderma]], [[Sjögren's syndrome]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Systemic sclerosis ]], [[Wegner's syndrome]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Sexual'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aarskog syndrome]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Trauma'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Brain injury]], [[Orbital fracture]] with nerve entrapment, [[Postnatal trauma]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Urologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |
| | '''Miscellaneous'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |}
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
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| {{col-begin|width=84%}}
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Aarskog syndrome]]
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| *Acute bacterial rhino[[sinusitis]]
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| *Acute disseminated [[encephalomyelitis]]
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| *Agenesis of [[extraocular muscles]]
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| *[[Alcoholism]]
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| *[[Aminoglycoside ]]
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| *[[Amnesic shellfish poisoning]]
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| *[[Angelman syndrome]]
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| *[[Arachnoid cyst]]
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| *[[Aralytic shellfish poisoning]]
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| *[[Arias oculootoradial syndrome]]
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| *[[Aspergillus]]
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| *[[Ataxia]]-oculomotor [[apraxia]] type 1
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| *[[Ataxia]]-oculomotor [[apraxia]] type 2
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| *[[Athabaskan brain stem dysgenesis]]
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| *[[Atorvastatin]]
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| *[[Venomous snake|Atractaspididae (african mole viper)]]
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| *Autosomal-dominant [[progressive external opthalmoplegia]] (adPEO)
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| *Bacterial [[conjunctivitis]]
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| *Basilar artery [[migraine]]
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| *[[Benedikt's syndrome]]
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| *[[Berry aneurysm]]
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| *[[Beta blockers]]
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| *Bickerstaff's brain stem [[encephalitis]]
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| *[[Blepharitis]]
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| *[[Botulism]]
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| *[[Brain abscess]]
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| *[[Brain injury]]
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| *[[Brain tumour]]
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| *[[Carbamates]]
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| *[[Carbamazepine]]
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| *[[Carcinoma lung]]
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| *[[Carotid artery dissection]]
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| *Carotid-cavernous [[fistulas]]
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| *Cavernous sinus dural [[arteriovenous fistula]]
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| *[[Cavernous sinus thrombosis]]
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| *[[Central core myopathy]]
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| *Central nervous system [[angiitis]]
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| *[[Centronuclear myopathy]]
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|
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| *Christianson type x-linked [[mental retardation]]
| | ==Case Studies== |
| | | [[Ophthalmoparesis case study one|Case#1]] |
| *[[Ciguatera poisoning]]
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| *[[Claude syndrome]]
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| *[[Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)]]
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| *[[Coarctation of aorta]]
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| *[[Venomous snake|Cobra poisoning ]]
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| *[[Venomous snake|Colubridae (boomslang, twig snake)]]
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| *[[Congenital fiber-type disproportion myopathy]]
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| *Congenital [[fibrosis]] of [[extraocular muscles]](FEOM)
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| *[[Corneal erosion]]
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| *[[Corneal ulcer]]
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| *Crotoxin [[Venomous snake|(rattlesnake)]]
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| *[[Dermoid cyst]]
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| *[[Diabetes mellitus]]
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| *[[D-penicillamine]]
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| *[[Duane ocular retraction syndrome]]
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| *[[Ehlers Danlos syndrome]]
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| *[[Venomous snake|Elapidae]]
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| *[[Episcleritis]]
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| *[[Eurotoxic shellfish poisoning]]
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Exophthalmos]]
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| *[[Eye Packing]]
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| *Familial horizontal gaze palsy with progressive [[scoliosis]]
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| *[[Fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration]]
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| *[[Fluoroquinolone ]]
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| *[[Fluvastatin]]
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| *[[Foville's syndrome]]
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| *[[Friedreich ataxia]]
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| *Fungal [[conjunctivitis]]
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| *[[Glucocorticoids]]
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| *[[Gold]]
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| *[[Gradenigo-lannois syndrome]]
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| *[[Graves' disease]]
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| *[[Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma]]
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| *[[Guillain-Barre syndrome ]]
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| *[[Horner's syndrome]]
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| *[[Hypermagnesemia]]
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| *[[Hypertension]]
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| *[[Hypocalcemia]]
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| *Infantile-onset [[spinocerebellar ataxia]]
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| *[[Infection ]]
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| *Inflamed [[pterygium]]
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| *[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
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| *Intracranial [[aneurysm]]
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| *[[Intracranial space-occupying lesion]]
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| *[[Ischemia ]]
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| *[[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
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| *[[Koerber-Salus-Elshnig syndrome]]
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| *[[Kraits]]
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| *[[Kufor-rakeb syndrome]]
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| *[[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]]
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| *[[Lateral medullary syndrome]]
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| *[[Levic-stefanovic-nikolic syndrome ]]
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| *[[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy ]]
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| *[[Lithium]]
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| *[[Lovastatin]]
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| *[[Epidural anesthesia ]]
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| *[[Magnesium sulfate]]
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| *[[Mamba]] snake
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| *[[Melanoma]]-associated [[retinopathy]]
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| *[[MELAS syndrome]]
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| *[[Meningitis]]
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| *[[Metastasis]]
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| *[[Microscopic polyangiitis]]
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| *[[Miller fisher syndrome]]
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| *[[Mobius syndrome]]
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| *Multicore [[myopathy]]
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| *[[Multiple sclerosis]]
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| *[[Myasthenia gravis]]
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| *[[Myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]]
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| *Myotubular [[myopathy ]]
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| *[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]]
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| *[[Neck masses]]
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| *[[Neuromyelitis optica]]
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| *[[Neurosarcoidosis]]
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| *[[Niemann-Pick disease]]
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| *[[Venomous snake|Notexin (tiger snake)]]
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| *[[Nothnagel syndrome]]
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| *[[Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]]
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| *[[Olivopontocerebellar syndrome]]
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Optic neuritis]]
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| *[[Orbital fracture with nerve entrapment]]
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| *[[Orbital pseudotumor]]
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| *[[Orbital tumors ]]
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| *[[Organophosphates]]
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| *[[Otitis media]]
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| *[[Pancoast tumour]]
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| *Paraneoplastic [[encephalomyelitis]]
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| *Paraneoplastic [[optic neuritis]]
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| *[[Parinaud's syndrome ]]
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| | |
| *[[Periorbital cellulitis]]
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| *[[Phenytoin ]]
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| *[[Pitavastatin]]
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| *[[Pituitary apoplexy]]
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| | |
| *[[Polycystic kidney disease ]]
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| *[[Postnatal trauma]]
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| *[[Pravastatin]]
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| *[[Pregabalin]]
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| *Preseptal [[cellulitis]]
| |
| | |
| *[[Progressive supranuclear palsy]]
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| | |
| *[[Pseudoophthalmoplegia]]
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| *[[Pseudotumor cerebri]]
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| *[[Quaternary syphilis]]
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| *[[Rabies]]
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| *[[Raised intracranial pressure]]
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| *[[Raymond cestan syndrome]]
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| *[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
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| *Rhino-orbital-cerebral[[mucormycosis]]
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| *[[Rollet syndrome ]]
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| *[[Scleritis]]
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| *[[Scleroderma]]
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| *[[Scombroid poisoning]]
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| *[[Simvastatin]]
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| *[[Sjögren syndrome]]
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| *[[Steele-richardson-olszewski syndrome]]
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| *[[Sturge-Weber syndrome]]
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| *Subarchnoid [[hemorrhage]]
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| *Subdural [[hematoma]]
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| *[[Superior orbital fissure syndrome]]
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| *[[Syringobulbia]]
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| *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
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| *[[Systemic sclerosis ]]
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| *[[Taipoxin]](taipan)
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| *[[Thiamine deficiency]]
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| *[[Tick paralysis]]
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| *[[Tolosa-hunt syndrome]]
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| *[[Toscana virus]]
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| *[[Trachoma]]
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| *[[Transverse myelitis]]
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| *[[Tuberculosis]]
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| *[[Uremia]]
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| | |
| *[[Vertebrobasilar insufficiency]]
| |
| | |
| *[[Vincristine]]
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| *[[Viperidae beta-bungarotoxin (krait)]]
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| *[[Weber syndrome]]
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| *[[Wegener's syndrome]]
| |
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| *[[Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome]]
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| *[[Whipple's disease]]
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| *[[Wildervanck syndrome]]
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| {{col-end}}
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| ==Differentiating Opthalmoparesis from other Conditions== | |
| *Acute cranial polyneuropathy
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| *[[Adie syndrome]]
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| *Bilateral third nerve involvement
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| *[[Botulism]]
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| *Brainstem [[stroke]]
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| *[[Diptheria]]
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| *[[Drugs]]
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| *Iris injury
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| *[[Meningitis]]
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| *[[Myasthenia gravis]]
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| *[[Tetanus]]
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| *Midbrain lesion
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| *[[Vasculitis]]
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| ==Treatment==
| |
| Treatment depend on the underlying condition.
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|
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|
| ==Related Chapters== | | ==Related Chapters== |