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Revision as of 02:04, 31 July 2013

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Loss of balance; imbalance; off balance; unsteadiness

Overview

Disequilibrium refers to an impaired sense or absence of balance or equilibrioception, which primarily occurs during standing or walking usually without any cephalic sensations like headache, nausea and vomiting. It is one among the causes of dizziness^[1] and is often accompanied by spatial disorientation.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmia, arteriosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, congestive cardiac failure, dehydration, hypertension, hypotension, microscopic polyangiitis, myocardial infarction, postural hypotension, transient ischaemic attack, vasculitis, vertebral artery dissection
Chemical/Poisoning	Acrylamide, arsenic, gamma-diketone hexacarbons, heavy metals, konzo, lead, mercury, methanol, organophosphates, salicylate poisoning
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Aminophylline, amiodarone, amphotericin B, antihypertensives, antibiotics, anticholinergics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, aspirin, aurothioglucose, biguanide, bortezomib, capecitabine, carbachol, carbon tetrachloride, celecoxib, chlorpheniramine, cinnarizine, cisplatin, clomifene, colchicine, dapsone, diphenhydramine, disulfiram, diuretics, ethambutol, ethotoin, fluorouracil, hydralazine, hydroxyzine, isoniazid, ixabepilone, lamivudine, leflunomide, linezolid, lithium, mefloquine, melarsoprol, metronidazole, nalidixic acid , neuroleptics, nitrofurantoin, nortriptyline, nucleoside analogues, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, physostigmine, prochlorperazine, pyridoxine, rofecoxib, sedatives, stavudine, suramin, taxol, thallium, toluene, trabectedin, tranquilizers, vaccines, verteporfin, vigabatrin, vincristine
Ear Nose Throat	Impaired hearing
Endocrine	Acromegaly, diabetes mellitus, diabetic amyotrophy, diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic radiculopathy, hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, phaeochromocytoma
Environmental	Altitude sickness, cold exposure, electrical injury, heat stroke, lathyrism
Gastroenterologic	Celiac disease, chronic liver disease, hepatic cirrhosis, intestinal fistula, primary biliary cirrhosis, pyloric stenosis, tropical sprue, viral hepatitis
Genetic	3-methylglutaconic aciduria, 4H syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, adrenoleukodystrophy, adrenomyeloneuropathy, alpha-mannosidase deficiency, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency, Andermann syndrome, argininosuccinic aciduria, arylsulphatase A deficiency, aspartoacylase deficiency, ataxia-telangiectasia, ATP6V0A2-related cutis laxa, bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria, biotinidase deficiency, carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency, carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a, CCFDN syndrome, Charlevoix-Saguenay spastic ataxia, Cockayne syndrome, coenzyme Q10 deficiency, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, Fabry's disease, familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, Friedreich's ataxia, Gamstorp-Wohlfart syndrome, glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency, GM2 gangliosidosis, Griscelli syndrome, Haw river syndrome, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy, Huntington disease, hypobetalipoproteinemia, Joubert syndrome, Loken Senior syndrome, Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome, MELAS, MERRF, multiple carboxylase deficiency, Navajo neurohepatopathy, phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, Refsum disease, Revesz syndrome, Roussy-Levy disease, Sandhoff disease, SeSAME syndrome, Silver syndrome, Troyer syndrome, Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Van der Knaap disease, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
Hematologic	Anemia, glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency, haemochromatosis, leukemia, multiple myeloma, pernicious anemia, plasmacytoma, polycythemia vera, sideroblastic anemia
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Acute necrotizing myelopathy, acute viral myelitis, borrelia burgdorferi, botulism, brainstem encephalitis, brucellosis, cerebellar abscess, chickenpox, coxsackie A virus, cysticercosis, cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy, diphtheria, encephalomyelitis, endophthalmitis, epidural abscess, epstein-barr virus, Guillain-Barré syndrome, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, HIV, infectious cerebellitis, leprosy, lyme disease, malaria, meningoencephalitis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, ophthalmia neonatorum, osteomyelitis, polymyositis, schistosoma, septic arthritis, septicemia, syphilis, tick paralysis, transient synovitis, treponema pallidum, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Carpal tunnel syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, chondroma, compartment syndrome, connective tissue disease, dermatomyositis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ewing's sarcoma, femoral neuropathy, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy, herniated vertebral disc, leg fractures, muscle weakness, osteoarthritis, osteochondroma, osteoma, osteomyelitis, osteosarcoma, Pagets disease, peroneal compression at the fibular neck, Perthes disease, septic arthritis, slipped upper femoral epiphysis, tarsal tunnel syndrome , transient synovitis
Neurologic	Acoustic neuroma, acute necrotizing myelopathy, acute viral myelitis, alcoholic polyneuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase associated cerebellar ataxia, Arnold-Chiari malformation, ataxia-oculomotor apraxia, basilar migraine, benign paroxysmal vertigo, brainstem encephalitis, carotid-cavernous fistula, cerebellar abscess, cerebellar hypoplasia, cerebellar ataxia, cerebellar dyssynergia, cerebellar hemorrhage, cerebellar tumor, cerebellar vermis agenesis, cerebral palsy, cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis, cerebrovascular disease, ceroid lipofuscinosis, cervical spondylosis, cockayne syndrome, confusional state, copper deficiency myeloneuropathy, cortical visual impairment, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy, Dandy-Walker syndrome, deafferentation, decompression sickness myelopathy, Dejerine Sottas syndrome, dementia, demyelination, diabetic amyotrophy, diabetic radiculopathy, diffuse sclerosis of Schilder, distal hereditary neuronopathy, dural arteriovenous fistula, dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica, encephalocele, encephalomyelitis, epidural abscess, epilepsy, episodic ataxia, familial Danish dementia, familial hemiplegic migraine, fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence, Friedreich's ataxia, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, giant axonal neuropathy, Haw River syndrome, hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy, hereditary ataxia, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Herniated vertebral disc, hypoxia, idiopathic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy, idiopathic small fiber neuropathy, intracranial space-occupying lesion, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Klumpke paralysis, lathyrism, Leigh syndrome, lower motor neuron weakness, lumbosacral plexitis, Machado-Joseph disease, meningoencephalitis, meralgia paresthetica, migraine, mitochondrial ataxia, multifocal motor neuropathy, multiple lentigines syndrome, multiple sclerosis, multiple sensory defect dizziness, multiple system atrophy syndromes, myasthenia gravis, myelopathy, NARP syndrome, neurofibromatosis, normal pressure hydrocephalus, Nothnagel Claude syndrome, obturator neuropathy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, orthostatic myoclonus, pantothenate kinase, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy, Parkinson disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, peripheral neuropathy, polyrediculitis, posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome, posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome , raised intracranial pressure, Sandhoff disease, sciatic neuropathy, spinal arteriovenous malformations, spinal cord tumor, spinal epidural hematoma, spinocerebellar ataxia, stroke, subacute combined degeneration, subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy, subacute sensory neuronopathy, superior orbital fissure syndrome, syringobulbia, syringomyelia, transient ischaemic attack, transverse myelitis, Unverricht-Lundborg disease, upper motor neuron weakness, urination, Van der Knaap disease, vasculitis, vasovagal attacks, vestibular disorder
Nutritional/Metabolic	Acute intermittent porphyria, alpha-mannosidase deficiency, alpha-methylacyl-coa racemase deficiency, argininosuccinic aciduria, arylsulphatase a deficiency, aspartoacylase deficiency, beri-beri, carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency, carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a, Chester porphyria, citrullinemia, cytosine arabinoside, d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency, erythropoietic protoporphyria, GM2 gangliosidosis, Hartnup disease, homocitrullinuria syndrome, hypobetalipoproteinemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, isovaleric acidemia, L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Maple syrup urine disease, metabolic acidosis, multiple carboxylase deficiency, nutritional amblyopia, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, porphyria, pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, Strachan syndrome, uremia, Wilson disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Childbirth, menopause, pregnancy
Oncologic	Acoustic neuroma, cerebellar tumors, chondroma, Ewing's sarcoma, Hodgkin' lymphoma, lung carcinoma, neuroblastoma, neurofibromatosis type 1, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteochondroma, osteoma, osteosarcoma, paraneoplastic syndrome, rhadomyosarcoma, solitary plasmacytoma, spinal cord tumor,
Ophthalmologic	Cataract, central serous chorioretinopathy, congenital cataract, cortical visual impairment, endophthalmitis, Gillespie syndrome, Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome, hyphema, Miller-Fisher syndrome, ocular ischemic syndrome, ophthalmia neonatorum, orbital mass, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, Purtscher's retinopathy, retinal degeneration, retrolental fibroplasia, visual impairment, vitreous haemorrhage
Overdose/Toxicity	Alcohol toxicity
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Asthma exacerbation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation, diffuse pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusion, pneumonia, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism
Renal/Electrolyte	Renal failure
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis, ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, benign monoclonal gammopathy, connective tissue disease, dermatomyosistis, fibromyalgia, gout, Guillain-Barré syndrome, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, mixed connective tissue disease, monoclonal gammopathy, polyarteritis nodosa, pseudogout, Reiter's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, seronegtive arthropathy, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Cerebellar hemorrhage, head injury, leg fractures
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Amyloidosis, cryoglobulinemia, dysproteinemia, emotions, genaralized weakness, hyperventilation, metachromatic leukodystrophy, multiple hamartoma syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, old age, pain, paraproteinemia, Salla disease, sarcoidosis, Shy-Drager syndrome, sialidosis, Tay-Sachs disease

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ "Chapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient". Retrieved 2009-08-06.

Template:WH Template:WS

[urlChapter_14:_Evaluation_of_the_Dizzy_Patient-1] "Chapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient". Retrieved 2009-08-06.

[1]

@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neuroma]],  [[Myelopathy|acute necrotizing myelopathy]],  [[Transverse myelitis|acute viral myelitis]],  [[alcoholic polyneuropathy]],  [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]],  [[Cerebellar ataxia|anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase associated cerebellar ataxia]],  [[Arnold-Chiari malformation]],  [[Apraxia|ataxia-oculomotor apraxia]],  [[Migraine|basilar migraine]],  [[benign paroxysmal vertigo]],  [[Encephalitis|brainstem encephalitis]],  [[carotid-cavernous fistula]],  [[cerebellar abscess]],  [[cerebellar hypoplasia]],  [[cerebellar ataxia]],  [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome|cerebellar dyssynergia]], [[Intracranial hemorrhage|cerebellar hemorrhage]],  [[Medulloblastoma|cerebellar tumor]],  [[Dandy-Walker syndrome|cerebellar vermis agenesis]],  [[cerebral palsy]],  [[cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis]],  [[cerebrovascular disease]],  [[ceroid lipofuscinosis]],  [[cervical spondylosis]],  [[cockayne syndrome]],  [[Delirium|confusional state]],  [[Copper deficiency|copper deficiency myeloneuropathy]],  [[cortical visual impairment]],  [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]],  [[Cytomegalovirus|cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy]],  [[Dandy-Walker syndrome]],  [[Neuropathy|deafferentation]],  [[Myelopathy|decompression sickness myelopathy]],  [[Dejerine Sottas syndrome]],  [[dementia]],  [[demyelination]],  [[diabetic amyotrophy]],  [[Diabetic neuropathy|diabetic radiculopathy]],  [[Schilder's disease|diffuse sclerosis of Schilder]],  [[Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy|distal hereditary neuronopathy]],  [[dural arteriovenous fistula]],  [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome|dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica]],  [[encephalocele]],  [[encephalomyelitis]],  [[epidural abscess]],  [[epilepsy]],  [[episodic ataxia]],  [[Worster-Drought syndrome|familial Danish dementia]],  [[familial hemiplegic migraine]],  [[fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]],  [[Friedrich's ataxia]],  [[Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome]],  [[giant axonal neuropathy]],  [[Haw River syndrome]],  [[hepatic myelopathy]],  [[hereditary amyloid polyneuropathies]],  [[hereditary ataxia]],  [[hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy]],  [[hereditary spastic paraplegia]],  [[Spinal disc herniation|Herniated vertebral disc]],  [[hypoxia]],  [[Neuropathy|idiopathic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy]],  [[Small fiber peripheral neuropathy|idiopathic small fiber neuropathy]],  [[infectious cerebellitis]],  [[intracranial space-occupying lesion]], [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]],  [[Klumpke paralysis]],  [[lathyrism]],  [[Leigh syndrome]],  [[Flaccid paralysis|lower motor neuron weakness]],  [[Plexopathy|lumbosacral plexitis]],  [[Machado-Joseph disease]],  [[meningoencephalitis]],  [[meralgia paresthetica]],  [[migraine]],  [[Mitochondrial disease|mitochondrial ataxia]],  [[multifocal motor neuropathy]],  [[multiple lentigines syndrome]],  [[multiple sclerosis]],  [[Neuropathy|multiple sensory defect dizziness]],  [[Shy-Drager syndrome|multiple system atrophy syndromes]],  [[myasthenia gravis]],  [[myelopathy]],  [[Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa|NARP  syndrome]],  [[neurofibromatosis]],  [[normal pressure hydrocephalus]],  [[Claude syndrome|Nothnagel Claude syndrome]],  [[Obturator nerve|obturator neuropathy]],  [[olivopontocerebellar atrophy]],  [[Myoclonus|orthostatic myoclonus]],  [[pantothenate kinase]],  [[paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]],  [[Neuropathy|paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy]],  [[Parkinson disease]],  [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease]],  [[peripheral neuropathy]],  [[polyrediculitis]],  [[posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]],  [[posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome ]],  [[raised intracranial pressure]],  [[Sandhoff disease]],  [[Neuropathy|sciatic neuropathy]],  [[Arteriovenous malformation|spinal arteriovenous malformations]],  [[spinal cord tumor]],  [[Epidural hematoma|spinal epidural hematoma]],  [[spinocerebellar ataxia]],  [[stroke]],  [[Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord|subacute combined degeneration]],  [[Leigh's disease|subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy]],  [[Neuropathy|subacute sensory neuronopathy]],  [[Superior orbital fissure|superior orbital fissure syndrome]],  [[syringobulbia]],  [[syringomyelia]],  [[transient ischaemic attack]],  [[transverse myelitis]],  [[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]],  [[Spasticity|upper motor neuron weakness]],  [[urination]],  [[Van der Knaap disease]],  [[vasculitis]],  [[Vasovagal syncope|vasovagal attacks]],  [[Vertigo|vestibular disorder]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neuroma]],  [[Myelopathy|acute necrotizing myelopathy]],  [[Transverse myelitis|acute viral myelitis]],  [[alcoholic polyneuropathy]],  [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]],  [[Cerebellar ataxia|anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase associated cerebellar ataxia]],  [[Arnold-Chiari malformation]],  [[Apraxia|ataxia-oculomotor apraxia]],  [[Migraine|basilar migraine]],  [[benign paroxysmal vertigo]],  [[Encephalitis|brainstem encephalitis]],  [[carotid-cavernous fistula]],  [[cerebellar abscess]],  [[cerebellar hypoplasia]],  [[cerebellar ataxia]],  [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome|cerebellar dyssynergia]], [[Intracranial hemorrhage|cerebellar hemorrhage]],  [[Medulloblastoma|cerebellar tumor]],  [[Dandy-Walker syndrome|cerebellar vermis agenesis]],  [[cerebral palsy]],  [[cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis]],  [[cerebrovascular disease]],  [[ceroid lipofuscinosis]],  [[cervical spondylosis]],  [[cockayne syndrome]],  [[Delirium|confusional state]],  [[Copper deficiency|copper deficiency myeloneuropathy]],  [[cortical visual impairment]],  [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]],  [[Cytomegalovirus|cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy]],  [[Dandy-Walker syndrome]],  [[Neuropathy|deafferentation]],  [[Myelopathy|decompression sickness myelopathy]],  [[Dejerine Sottas syndrome]],  [[dementia]],  [[demyelination]],  [[diabetic amyotrophy]],  [[Diabetic neuropathy|diabetic radiculopathy]],  [[Schilder's disease|diffuse sclerosis of Schilder]],  [[Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy|distal hereditary neuronopathy]],  [[dural arteriovenous fistula]],  [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome|dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica]],  [[encephalocele]],  [[encephalomyelitis]],  [[epidural abscess]],  [[epilepsy]],  [[episodic ataxia]],  [[Worster-Drought syndrome|familial Danish dementia]],  [[familial hemiplegic migraine]],  [[Intrauterine growth retardation|fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]],  [[Friedreich's ataxia]],  [[Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome]],  [[giant axonal neuropathy]],  [[Haw River syndrome]],  [[Familial amyloid polyneuropathy|hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy]],  [[hereditary ataxia]],  [[hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy]],  [[hereditary spastic paraplegia]],  [[Spinal disc herniation|Herniated vertebral disc]],  [[hypoxia]],  [[Neuropathy|idiopathic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy]],  [[Small fiber peripheral neuropathy|idiopathic small fiber neuropathy]],  [[intracranial space-occupying lesion]], [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]],  [[Klumpke paralysis]],  [[lathyrism]],  [[Leigh syndrome]],  [[Flaccid paralysis|lower motor neuron weakness]],  [[Plexopathy|lumbosacral plexitis]],  [[Machado-Joseph disease]],  [[meningoencephalitis]],  [[meralgia paresthetica]],  [[migraine]],  [[Mitochondrial disease|mitochondrial ataxia]],  [[multifocal motor neuropathy]],  [[multiple lentigines syndrome]],  [[multiple sclerosis]],  [[Neuropathy|multiple sensory defect dizziness]],  [[Shy-Drager syndrome|multiple system atrophy syndromes]],  [[myasthenia gravis]],  [[myelopathy]],  [[Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa|NARP  syndrome]],  [[neurofibromatosis]],  [[normal pressure hydrocephalus]],  [[Claude syndrome|Nothnagel Claude syndrome]],  [[Obturator nerve|obturator neuropathy]],  [[olivopontocerebellar atrophy]],  [[Myoclonus|orthostatic myoclonus]],  [[pantothenate kinase]],  [[paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]],  [[Neuropathy|paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy]],  [[Parkinson disease]],  [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease]],  [[peripheral neuropathy]],  [[polyrediculitis]],  [[posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]],  [[posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome ]],  [[raised intracranial pressure]],  [[Sandhoff disease]],  [[Neuropathy|sciatic neuropathy]],  [[Arteriovenous malformation|spinal arteriovenous malformations]],  [[spinal cord tumor]],  [[Epidural hematoma|spinal epidural hematoma]],  [[spinocerebellar ataxia]],  [[stroke]],  [[Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord|subacute combined degeneration]],  [[Leigh's disease|subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy]],  [[Neuropathy|subacute sensory neuronopathy]],  [[Superior orbital fissure|superior orbital fissure syndrome]],  [[syringobulbia]],  [[syringomyelia]],  [[transient ischaemic attack]],  [[transverse myelitis]],  [[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]],  [[Spasticity|upper motor neuron weakness]],  [[urination]],  [[Van der Knaap disease]],  [[vasculitis]],  [[Vasovagal syncope|vasovagal attacks]],  [[Vertigo|vestibular disorder]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cerebellar hemorrhage]],  [[head injury]],  [[leg fractures]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cerebellar hemorrhage]],  [[head injury]],  [[Bone fracture|leg fractures]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 294: / Line 294: @@
 *[[Familial hemiplegic migraine]]
 *[[Neuropathy|Femoral neuropathy]]
-*[[Fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]]
+*[[Intrauterine growth retardation|Fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]]
 *[[Fibromyalgia]]
 *[[Fluorouracil]]
@@ Line 316: / Line 316: @@
 *[[Heavy metals]]
 *[[Hepatic cirrhosis]]
-*[[Hereditary amyloid polyneuropathies]]
+*[[Familial amyloid polyneuropathy|Hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy]]
 *[[Hereditary ataxia]]
 *[[Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy]]
@@ Line 350: / Line 350: @@
 *[[Hearing impairment|Impaired hearing]]
 *[[Infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia]]
-*[[Infectious cerebellitis]]
 *[[Fistula|Intestinal fistula]]
 *[[Intracranial space-occupying lesion]]