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Revision as of 15:38, 21 May 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]

Overview

Metabolic Acidosis Differential Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis is as follow:^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

To review differential diagnosis of high anion gap metabolic acidosis, click here.

To review differential diagnosis of high osmolar gap metabolic acidosis, click here.

To review differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis and lactic acidosis, click here.

Category	Disease		Mechanism			Clinical								Paraclinical																		Gold standard diagnosis	Other findings
						Symptoms				Signs				Lab data
						Symptoms				Signs				ABG			CBC		Chemistry								Renal		U/A
			↑ acid production	Loss of bicarbonate	↓ renal acid excretion	Fever	N/V	Diarrhea	Dyspnea	Toxic/ill	BP	Dehydration	LOC	HCO₃⁻	paCO₂	O₂	WBC	Hb	BS	Cl⁻	K⁺	Na⁺	Ketones	Lactic acid	Serum AG^[5]	Osmolar gap^[6]	Bun	Cr	Urine pH	Urine AG	Urine ketone
Toxin/Medication^[7]	Alcohol^[8]^[9]	Methanol Ethylene glycol Propylene glycol	+	−	−	−	+	−	−	+	↓ ↑	+	↓	↓	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↑	Nl	+	↑	↑	↑	Nl or ↑	Nl or ↑	↓	+	+	Clinical	Positive urine oxalate crystals in ethylene glycol poisoning
	Alcohol^[8]^[9]	Isopropyl alcohol^[10]	+	−	−	−	+	−	−	+	↓	+	↓	↓	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	Nl	+	↑	Nl	↑	Nl	Nl or ↑	↓	+	+	Clinical
	Toluene^[11]		+	−	+	−	+	−	−	+	↓	−	↓	↓↓	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↓	Nl	−	↑	Nl or ↑	Nl	↑	↑	↓	−	+	Clinical	Most widely abused inhaled drugs
	Salicylates^[12]		+	−	−	−	+	−	+	+	↓	+	↓	↓	↓↓	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl to ↓	Nl	↓	Nl	−	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	↓	−	−	Clinical and elevated serum salicylate level	Paradoxical alkalosis
	Metformin^[13]		+	−	−	−	+	−	−	+	↓	±	Agitated	↓	↓	Nl	Nl to ↑	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↑	Nl or ↑	Nl	↓	−	−	Clinical	Liver failure
	Isoniazid^[14]		+	−	−	−	+	−	−	+	↑	+	Agitated	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	Nl	Nl or ↑	Nl	↓	−	−	Clinical	Seizure Ataxia
	Acetazolamide^[15]		−	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	↓	+	Nl	↓	↓	Nl to ↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl or ↑	Nl	↓	−	−	Clinical
	Amphotericin B^[16]		−	−	+	−	+	+	−	+	↓	+	↓	↓	↓	Nl to ↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↓	−	−	Clinical
	CO^[17]		+	−	+	−	±	−	−	+	Nl	−	↓↓	↓	↓	Nl to ↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	↓	−	−	Clinical
	Cyanide^[18]		+	−	−	−	+	−	−	+	↓	±	↓↓	↓	↓	↓	Nl to ↑	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	Nl	Nl or ↑	Nl	↓	−	−	Blood cyanide concentration
Category	Disease		↑ acid production	Loss of bicarbonate	↓ renal acid excretion	Fever	N/V	Diarrhea	Dyspnea	Toxic/ill	BP	Dehydration	LOC	HCO₃⁻	paCO₂	O₂	WBC	Hb	BS	Cl⁻	K⁺	Na⁺	Ketones	Lactic acid	Serum AG	Osmolar gap	Bun	Cr	Urine pH	Urine AG	Urine ketone	Gold standard diagnosis	Other findings
Ketoacidosis	Diabetic^[19]		+	−	−	+	+	+	+	+	↓	+	↓	↓	↓	Nl to ↓	↑	Nl to ↑	↑↑	Nl	↓	↓	↑	↑	↑	↑	Nl to ↑	Nl	↓	+	+	Clinical + hyperglycemia + ketosis
	Starvation^[20]		+	−	−	−	+	−	−	+	↓	+	↓	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl to ↓	Nl	↓	↓	↑	Nl	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	+	−	Clinical
	Alcoholic (Ethanol)^[21]		+	−	−	−	+	±	−	+	↓ ↑	+	Agitated	↓	↓	↓	Nl to ↑	Nl to ↑	↓ Nl ↑	Nl	↓	↓	↑↑	↑	↑	↑↑	↑	Nl	↓	+	+	Clinical + ketosis	Chronic alcohol abuse Zero or low alcohol level
Systemic	Sepsis^[22]		+	−	−	+	+	−	+	+	↓ ↑	+	↓	↓	↓	Nl to ↓	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↓	Nl	Nl to ↑	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	Nl	−	−	Clinical and lab finding
	Ischemia^[23]		+	−	−	−	+	−	+	+	↓	+	−	↓	↓ ↑	Nl to ↓	Nl to ↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↓	Nl	Nl to ↑	Nl	Nl	Nl to ↑	Nl to ↑	Nl	−	−	Clinical and lab finding
	Lactic acidosis^[24]		+	−	−	±	+	−	−	+	↓ ↑	±	Agitated	↓	↓	↓	Nl to ↑	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↑	Nl or ↑	Nl	↓	−	−	Clinical and lab finding
Renal	Uremia^[25]		−	−	+	+	+	−	−	+	↓ ↑	±	↓	↓	↓	Nl to ↓	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↑	↑	↓	+	−	Clinical and lab finding
	Renal failure^[26]		−	−	+	−	+	−	−	+	↓	+	↓	↓	↓	Nl to ↓	↑	↓	Nl	↑	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↑	↑	↓	−	−	Renal function test
	Renal tubular acidosis^[27]	Type I^[28]	−	−	+	±	±	−	−	−	↓ ↑	−	−	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↑	+	−	Clinical and lab finding	Associated with autoimmune diseases Growth retardation in children
		Type II	−	+	−	±	±	−	−	−	↓ ↑	−	−	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	−	−	Clinical and lab finding
		Type IV	−	−	+	±	±	±	−	−	↓	−	−	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	+	−	Clinical and lab finding	Hypoaldosteronism
Category	Disease		↑ acid production	Loss of bicarbonate	↓ renal acid excretion	Fever	N/V	Diarrhea	Dyspnea	Toxic/ill	BP	Dehydration	LOC	HCO₃⁻	paCO₂	O₂	WBC	Hb	BS	Cl⁻	K⁺	Na⁺	Ketones	Lactic acid	Serum AG	Osmolar gap	Bun	Cr	Urine pH	Urine AG	Urine ketone	Gold standard diagnosis	Other findings
Heart	Heart failure^[29]		+	+	−	−	±	−	+	+	↓ ↑	+	−	↓	↓ ↑	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl to ↑	Nl to ↑	Nl	−	−	Clinical + echocardiogram	Hypoalbuminemia Elevated serum natriuretic peptide
Heart	MI^[30]		+	−	−	−	+	−	+	+	↓ ↑	−	↓	↓	↓ ↑	Nl to ↓	Nl to ↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	↓	Nl	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl to ↑	Nl to ↑	Nl	−	−	Clinical + ECG
GI	Diarrhea^[31]		−	+	−	±	+	+	−	+	↓	+	−	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	↓	↓	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↑	Nl	Nl	−	−	Stool exam
	Hyperalimentation^[32]		+	+	−	−	−	+	−	−	Nl	−	−	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	↓	Nl	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	−	−	Clinical
	Liver failure^[33]		−	+	−	−	+	+	−	+	↓	+	Confused	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	↓	↓ ↑	↑	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	−	−	Liver biopsy
Endocrine	Hyperparathyroidism^[34]		−	+	+	−	+	−	−	−	Nl	+	Confused	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl to ↑	Nl	Nl	−	−	PTH level
Endocrine	Addison's disease^[35]		−	+	−	−	+	+	−	−	↓	+	Irritable	↓	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	↓	Nl	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	−	−	Hormone level	Weakness Hyperpigmentation Adrenal Crisis
Category	Disease		↑ acid production	Loss of bicarbonate	↓ renal acid excretion	Fever	N/V	Diarrhea	Dyspnea	Toxic/ill	BP	Dehydration	LOC	HCO₃⁻	paCO₂	O₂	WBC	Hb	BS	Cl⁻	K⁺	Na⁺	Ketones	Lactic acid	Serum AG	Osmolar gap	Bun	Cr	Urine pH	Urine AG	Urine ketone	Gold standard diagnosis	Other findings

References

↑ Lim S (2007). "Metabolic acidosis". Acta Med Indones. 39 (3): 145–50. PMID 17936961.
↑ Morris, C. G.; Low, J. (2008). "Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: Part 1. Classification and pathophysiology". Anaesthesia. 63 (3): 294–301. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05370.x. ISSN 0003-2409.
↑ Morris CG, Low J (April 2008). "Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: part 2. Causes and treatment". Anaesthesia. 63 (4): 396–411. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05371.x. PMID 18336491.
↑ Casaletto, Jennifer J. (2005). "Differential Diagnosis of Metabolic Acidosis". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 23 (3): 771–787. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2005.03.007. ISSN 0733-8627.
↑ Brubaker RH, Meseeha M. High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. [Updated 2017 Oct 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448090/
↑ Kraut JA, Xing SX (September 2011). "Approach to the evaluation of a patient with an increased serum osmolal gap and high-anion-gap metabolic acidosis". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 58 (3): 480–4. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.05.018. PMID 21794966.
↑ Pham, Amy Quynh Trang; Xu, Li Hao Richie; Moe, Orson W. (2015). "Drug-Induced Metabolic Acidosis". F1000Research. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7006.1. ISSN 2046-1402.
↑ Zehtabchi S, Sinert R, Baron BJ, Paladino L, Yadav K (2005). "Does ethanol explain the acidosis commonly seen in ethanol-intoxicated patients?". Clin Toxicol (Phila). 43 (3): 161–6. PMID 15902789.
↑ Roberts, Darren M.; Yates, Christopher; Megarbane, Bruno; Winchester, James F.; Maclaren, Robert; Gosselin, Sophie; Nolin, Thomas D.; Lavergne, Valéry; Hoffman, Robert S.; Ghannoum, Marc (2015). "Recommendations for the Role of Extracorporeal Treatments in the Management of Acute Methanol Poisoning". Critical Care Medicine. 43 (2): 461–472. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000708. ISSN 0090-3493.
↑ Ashurst JV, Nappe TM. Toxicity, Isopropanol. [Updated 2018 Mar 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493181/
↑ Camara-Lemarroy, Carlos Rodrigo; Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, René; Monreal-Robles, Roberto; González-González, José Gerardo (2015). "Acute toluene intoxication–clinical presentation, management and prognosis: a prospective observational study". BMC Emergency Medicine. 15 (1). doi:10.1186/s12873-015-0039-0. ISSN 1471-227X.
↑ Wright, Dallas; Sop, Jessica (2015). "Normal anion gap salicylate poisoning". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 33 (11): 1714.e3–1714.e4. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2015.03.042. ISSN 0735-6757.
↑ Galiero, Francesca; Consani, Giovanni; Biancofiore, Gianni; Ruschi, Stefano; Forfori, Francesco (2018). "Metformin intoxication: Vasopressin's key role in the management of severe lactic acidosis". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 36 (2): 341.e5–341.e6. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.10.057. ISSN 0735-6757.
↑ Watkins RC, Hambrick EL, Benjamin G, Chavda SN (January 1990). "Isoniazid toxicity presenting as seizures and metabolic acidosis". J Natl Med Assoc. 82 (1): 57, 62, 64. PMC 2625939. PMID 2304098.
↑ Teppema, Luc J.; Balanos, George M.; Steinback, Craig D.; Brown, Allison D.; Foster, Glen E.; Duff, Henry J.; Leigh, Richard; Poulin, Marc J. (2007). "Effects of Acetazolamide on Ventilatory, Cerebrovascular, and Pulmonary Vascular Responses to Hypoxia". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (3): 277–281. doi:10.1164/rccm.200608-1199OC. ISSN 1073-449X.
↑ Bates, D. W.; Su, L.; Yu, D. T.; Chertow, G. M.; Seger, D. L.; Gomes, D. R. J.; Dasbach, E. J.; Platt, R. (2001). "Mortality and Costs of Acute Renal Failure Associated with Amphotericin B Therapy". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 32 (5): 686–693. doi:10.1086/319211. ISSN 1058-4838.
↑ Piantadosi CA (June 1999). "Diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning". Respir Care Clin N Am. 5 (2): 183–202. PMID 10333448.
↑ Baud FJ, Borron SW, Mégarbane B, Trout H, Lapostolle F, Vicaut E, Debray M, Bismuth C (September 2002). "Value of lactic acidosis in the assessment of the severity of acute cyanide poisoning". Crit. Care Med. 30 (9): 2044–50. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000026325.65944.7D. PMID 12352039.
↑ Wolfsdorf, Joseph I; Allgrove, Jeremy; Craig, Maria E; Edge, Julie; Glaser, Nicole; Jain, Vandana; Lee, Warren WR; Mungai, Lucy NW; Rosenbloom, Arlan L; Sperling, Mark A; Hanas, Ragnar (2014). "Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state". Pediatric Diabetes. 15 (S20): 154–179. doi:10.1111/pedi.12165. ISSN 1399-543X.
↑ Mostert M, Bonavia A (October 2016). "Starvation Ketoacidosis as a Cause of Unexplained Metabolic Acidosis in the Perioperative Period". Am J Case Rep. 17: 755–758. PMC 5070574. PMID 27752032.
↑ Howard RD, Bokhari S. PMID 28613672. Vancouver style error: initials (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Ganesh K, Sharma RN, Varghese J, Pillai MG (2016). "A profile of metabolic acidosis in patients with sepsis in an Intensive Care Unit setting". Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 6 (4): 178–181. doi:10.4103/2229-5151.195417. PMC 5225760. PMID 28149822.
↑ Kimmoun, Antoine; Novy, Emmanuel; Auchet, Thomas; Ducrocq, Nicolas; Levy, Bruno (2015). "Hemodynamic consequences of severe lactic acidosis in shock states: from bench to bedside". Critical Care. 19 (1). doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0896-7. ISSN 1364-8535.
↑ Kraut, Jeffrey A.; Ingelfinger, Julie R.; Madias, Nicolaos E. (2014). "Lactic Acidosis". New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (24): 2309–2319. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1309483. ISSN 0028-4793.
↑ Brown, Denver; Melamed, Michal L. (2018). "New Frontiers in Treating Uremic Metabolic Acidosis". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 13 (1): 4–5. doi:10.2215/CJN.11771017. ISSN 1555-9041.
↑ Kraut, Jeffrey A.; Madias, Nicolaos E. (2016). "Metabolic Acidosis of CKD: An Update". American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 67 (2): 307–317. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.08.028. ISSN 0272-6386.
↑ Gil-Peña, Helena; Mejía, Natalia; Santos, Fernando (2014). "Renal Tubular Acidosis". The Journal of Pediatrics. 164 (4): 691–698.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.10.085. ISSN 0022-3476.
↑ Hemstreet, Brian A (2004). "Antimicrobial-Associated Renal Tubular Acidosis". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 38 (6): 1031–1038. doi:10.1345/aph.1D573. ISSN 1060-0280.
↑ Park, Jin Joo; Choi, Dong-Ju; Yoon, Chang-Hwan; Oh, Il-Young; Lee, Ju Hyun; Ahn, Soyeon; Yoo, Byung-Su; Kang, Seok-Min; Kim, Jae-Joong; Baek, Sang-Hong; Cho, Myeong-Chan; Jeon, Eun-Seok; Chae, Shung Chull; Ryu, Kyu-Hyung; Oh, Byung-Hee (2015). "The prognostic value of arterial blood gas analysis in high-risk acute heart failure patients: an analysis of the Korean Heart Failure (KorHF) registry". European Journal of Heart Failure. 17 (6): 601–611. doi:10.1002/ejhf.276. ISSN 1388-9842.
↑ Mann, Sarah; Bajulaiye, Akinyemi; Sturgeon, Kathleen; Sabri, Abdelkarim; Muthukumaran, Geetha; Libonati, Joseph R. (2014). "Effects of acute angiotensin II on ischemia reperfusion injury following myocardial infarction". Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. 16 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1177/1470320314554963. ISSN 1470-3203.
↑ Guerrant, R. L.; Van Gilder, T.; Steiner, T. S.; Thielman, N. M.; Slutsker, L.; Tauxe, R. V.; Hennessy, T.; Griffin, P. M.; DuPont, H.; Bradley Sack, R.; Tarr, P.; Neill, M.; Nachamkin, I.; Reller, L. B.; Osterholm, M. T.; Bennish, M. L.; Pickering, L. K. (2001). "Practice Guidelines for the Management of Infectious Diarrhea". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 32 (3): 331–351. doi:10.1086/318514. ISSN 1058-4838.
↑ Erlingsson, Styrbjörn; Herard, Sebastian; Dahlqvist Leinhard, Olof; Lindström, Torbjörb; Länne, Toste; Borga, Magnus; Nystrom, Fredrik H. (2009). "Men develop more intraabdominal obesity and signs of the metabolic syndrome after hyperalimentation than women". Metabolism. 58 (7): 995–1001. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.02.028. ISSN 0026-0495.
↑ Lange, Christian M.; Bojunga, Jörg; Hofmann, Wolf Peter; Wunder, Katrin; Mihm, Ulrike; Zeuzem, Stefan; Sarrazin, Christoph (2009). "Severe lactic acidosis during treatment of chronic hepatitis B with entecavir in patients with impaired liver function". Hepatology. 50 (6): 2001–2006. doi:10.1002/hep.23346. ISSN 0270-9139.
↑ Bilezikian, John P.; Potts, John T.; Fuleihan, Ghada El-Hajj; Kleerekoper, Michael; Neer, Robert; Peacock, Munro; Rastad, Jonas; Silverberg, Shonni J.; Udelsman, Robert; Wells, Samuel A. (2002). "Summary Statement from a Workshop on Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Perspective for the 21st Century". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 87 (12): 5353–5361. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021370. ISSN 0021-972X.
↑ Ten, Svetlana; New, Maria; Maclaren, Noel (2001). "Addison's Disease 2001". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 86 (7): 2909–2922. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7636. ISSN 0021-972X.

[pmid17936961-1] Lim S (2007). "Metabolic acidosis". Acta Med Indones. 39 (3): 145–50. PMID 17936961.

[MorrisLow2008-2] Morris, C. G.; Low, J. (2008). "Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: Part 1. Classification and pathophysiology". Anaesthesia. 63 (3): 294–301. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05370.x. ISSN 0003-2409.

[pmid18336491-3] Morris CG, Low J (April 2008). "Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: part 2. Causes and treatment". Anaesthesia. 63 (4): 396–411. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05371.x. PMID 18336491.

[Casaletto2005-4] Casaletto, Jennifer J. (2005). "Differential Diagnosis of Metabolic Acidosis". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 23 (3): 771–787. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2005.03.007. ISSN 0733-8627.

[5] Brubaker RH, Meseeha M. High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. [Updated 2017 Oct 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448090/

[pmid217949663-6] Kraut JA, Xing SX (September 2011). "Approach to the evaluation of a patient with an increased serum osmolal gap and high-anion-gap metabolic acidosis". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 58 (3): 480–4. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.05.018. PMID 21794966.

[PhamXu2015-7] Pham, Amy Quynh Trang; Xu, Li Hao Richie; Moe, Orson W. (2015). "Drug-Induced Metabolic Acidosis". F1000Research. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7006.1. ISSN 2046-1402.

[pmid15902789-8] Zehtabchi S, Sinert R, Baron BJ, Paladino L, Yadav K (2005). "Does ethanol explain the acidosis commonly seen in ethanol-intoxicated patients?". Clin Toxicol (Phila). 43 (3): 161–6. PMID 15902789.

[RobertsYates2015-9] Roberts, Darren M.; Yates, Christopher; Megarbane, Bruno; Winchester, James F.; Maclaren, Robert; Gosselin, Sophie; Nolin, Thomas D.; Lavergne, Valéry; Hoffman, Robert S.; Ghannoum, Marc (2015). "Recommendations for the Role of Extracorporeal Treatments in the Management of Acute Methanol Poisoning". Critical Care Medicine. 43 (2): 461–472. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000708. ISSN 0090-3493.

[10] Ashurst JV, Nappe TM. Toxicity, Isopropanol. [Updated 2018 Mar 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493181/

[Camara-LemarroyRodríguez-Gutiérrez2015-11] Camara-Lemarroy, Carlos Rodrigo; Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, René; Monreal-Robles, Roberto; González-González, José Gerardo (2015). "Acute toluene intoxication–clinical presentation, management and prognosis: a prospective observational study". BMC Emergency Medicine. 15 (1). doi:10.1186/s12873-015-0039-0. ISSN 1471-227X.

[WrightSop2015-12] Wright, Dallas; Sop, Jessica (2015). "Normal anion gap salicylate poisoning". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 33 (11): 1714.e3–1714.e4. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2015.03.042. ISSN 0735-6757.

[GalieroConsani2018-13] Galiero, Francesca; Consani, Giovanni; Biancofiore, Gianni; Ruschi, Stefano; Forfori, Francesco (2018). "Metformin intoxication: Vasopressin's key role in the management of severe lactic acidosis". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 36 (2): 341.e5–341.e6. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.10.057. ISSN 0735-6757.

[pmid2304098-14] Watkins RC, Hambrick EL, Benjamin G, Chavda SN (January 1990). "Isoniazid toxicity presenting as seizures and metabolic acidosis". J Natl Med Assoc. 82 (1): 57, 62, 64. PMC 2625939. PMID 2304098.

[TeppemaBalanos2007-15] Teppema, Luc J.; Balanos, George M.; Steinback, Craig D.; Brown, Allison D.; Foster, Glen E.; Duff, Henry J.; Leigh, Richard; Poulin, Marc J. (2007). "Effects of Acetazolamide on Ventilatory, Cerebrovascular, and Pulmonary Vascular Responses to Hypoxia". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (3): 277–281. doi:10.1164/rccm.200608-1199OC. ISSN 1073-449X.

[BatesSu2001-16] Bates, D. W.; Su, L.; Yu, D. T.; Chertow, G. M.; Seger, D. L.; Gomes, D. R. J.; Dasbach, E. J.; Platt, R. (2001). "Mortality and Costs of Acute Renal Failure Associated with Amphotericin B Therapy". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 32 (5): 686–693. doi:10.1086/319211. ISSN 1058-4838.

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[WolfsdorfAllgrove2014-19] Wolfsdorf, Joseph I; Allgrove, Jeremy; Craig, Maria E; Edge, Julie; Glaser, Nicole; Jain, Vandana; Lee, Warren WR; Mungai, Lucy NW; Rosenbloom, Arlan L; Sperling, Mark A; Hanas, Ragnar (2014). "Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state". Pediatric Diabetes. 15 (S20): 154–179. doi:10.1111/pedi.12165. ISSN 1399-543X.

[pmid27752032-20] Mostert M, Bonavia A (October 2016). "Starvation Ketoacidosis as a Cause of Unexplained Metabolic Acidosis in the Perioperative Period". Am J Case Rep. 17: 755–758. PMC 5070574. PMID 27752032.

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[KimmounNovy2015-23] Kimmoun, Antoine; Novy, Emmanuel; Auchet, Thomas; Ducrocq, Nicolas; Levy, Bruno (2015). "Hemodynamic consequences of severe lactic acidosis in shock states: from bench to bedside". Critical Care. 19 (1). doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0896-7. ISSN 1364-8535.

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[BrownMelamed2018-25] Brown, Denver; Melamed, Michal L. (2018). "New Frontiers in Treating Uremic Metabolic Acidosis". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 13 (1): 4–5. doi:10.2215/CJN.11771017. ISSN 1555-9041.

[KrautMadias2016-26] Kraut, Jeffrey A.; Madias, Nicolaos E. (2016). "Metabolic Acidosis of CKD: An Update". American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 67 (2): 307–317. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.08.028. ISSN 0272-6386.

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[Hemstreet2004-28] Hemstreet, Brian A (2004). "Antimicrobial-Associated Renal Tubular Acidosis". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 38 (6): 1031–1038. doi:10.1345/aph.1D573. ISSN 1060-0280.

[ParkChoi2015-29] Park, Jin Joo; Choi, Dong-Ju; Yoon, Chang-Hwan; Oh, Il-Young; Lee, Ju Hyun; Ahn, Soyeon; Yoo, Byung-Su; Kang, Seok-Min; Kim, Jae-Joong; Baek, Sang-Hong; Cho, Myeong-Chan; Jeon, Eun-Seok; Chae, Shung Chull; Ryu, Kyu-Hyung; Oh, Byung-Hee (2015). "The prognostic value of arterial blood gas analysis in high-risk acute heart failure patients: an analysis of the Korean Heart Failure (KorHF) registry". European Journal of Heart Failure. 17 (6): 601–611. doi:10.1002/ejhf.276. ISSN 1388-9842.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
-{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
-|-
-| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Metabolic acidosis resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
-| [[Metabolic acidosis resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
-|}
-{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
-|-
-| [[File:Physician_Extender_Algorithms.gif|88px|link=Metabolic acidosis physician extender algorithm]]|| <br> || <br>
-|}
 {{Metabolic acidosis}}
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SSH}}
-Please help WikiDoc by adding content here.  It's easy!  Click  [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]]  to learn about editing.
+==Overview==
+==Metabolic Acidosis Differential Diagnosis==
+'''''Differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis is as follow:'''''<ref name="pmid17936961">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim S |title=Metabolic acidosis |journal=Acta Med Indones |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=145–50 |date=2007 |pmid=17936961 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="MorrisLow2008">{{cite journal|last1=Morris|first1=C. G.|last2=Low|first2=J.|title=Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: Part 1. Classification and pathophysiology|journal=Anaesthesia|volume=63|issue=3|year=2008|pages=294–301|issn=00032409|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05370.x}}</ref><ref name="pmid18336491">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morris CG, Low J |title=Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: part 2. Causes and treatment |journal=Anaesthesia |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=396–411 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18336491 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05371.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="Casaletto2005">{{cite journal|last1=Casaletto|first1=Jennifer J.|title=Differential Diagnosis of Metabolic Acidosis|journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America|volume=23|issue=3|year=2005|pages=771–787|issn=07338627|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2005.03.007}}</ref>
-==References==
+'''To review differential diagnosis of  high anion gap metabolic acidosis, click here.'''
-{{Reflist|2}}
+'''To review differential diagnosis of  high osmolar gap metabolic acidosis, click here.'''
-{{WH}}
+'''To review differential diagnosis of  metabolic acidosis and lactic acidosis, click here.'''
-{{WS}}
-[[Category:Needs content]]
+{|
-[[Category:Electrolyte disturbance]]
+! rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
-[[Category:Inborn errors of metabolism]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
-[[Category:Medical tests]]
+! colspan="3" rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Mechanism
-[[Category:Laboratory Test]]
+! colspan="8" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Clinical
-[[Category:Nephrology]]
+! colspan="18" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Paraclinical
-[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
+! rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard diagnosis
-[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
+! rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other findings
+|-
+! colspan="4" rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Symptoms
+! colspan="4" rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Signs
+! colspan="18" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Lab data
+|-
+! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |ABG
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |CBC
+! colspan="8" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chemistry
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Renal
+! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |U/A
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |↑ acid <br>production
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Loss of <br>bicarbonate
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |↓ renal acid <br>excretion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |N/V
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Toxic/ill
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BP
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dehydration
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |LOC
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |paCO<sub>2</sub>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |O<sub>2</sub>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |WBC
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Hb
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BS
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cl<sup>−</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |K<sup>+</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Na<sup>+</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Ketones
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Lactic acid
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Serum AG<ref>Brubaker RH, Meseeha M. High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. [Updated 2017 Oct 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448090/</ref>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Osmolar gap<ref name="pmid217949663">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kraut JA, Xing SX |title=Approach to the evaluation of a patient with an increased serum osmolal gap and high-anion-gap metabolic acidosis |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=480–4 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21794966 |doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.05.018 |url=}}</ref>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Bun
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine pH
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine AG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine ketone
+|-
+! rowspan="10" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Toxin/Medication<ref name="PhamXu2015">{{cite journal|last1=Pham|first1=Amy Quynh Trang|last2=Xu|first2=Li Hao Richie|last3=Moe|first3=Orson W.|title=Drug-Induced Metabolic Acidosis|journal=F1000Research|year=2015|issn=2046-1402|doi=10.12688/f1000research.7006.1}}</ref>
+! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Alcohol<ref name="pmid15902789">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zehtabchi S, Sinert R, Baron BJ, Paladino L, Yadav K |title=Does ethanol explain the acidosis commonly seen in ethanol-intoxicated patients? |journal=Clin Toxicol (Phila) |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=161–6 |date=2005 |pmid=15902789 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="RobertsYates2015">{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Darren M.|last2=Yates|first2=Christopher|last3=Megarbane|first3=Bruno|last4=Winchester|first4=James F.|last5=Maclaren|first5=Robert|last6=Gosselin|first6=Sophie|last7=Nolin|first7=Thomas D.|last8=Lavergne|first8=Valéry|last9=Hoffman|first9=Robert S.|last10=Ghannoum|first10=Marc|title=Recommendations for the Role of Extracorporeal Treatments in the Management of Acute Methanol Poisoning|journal=Critical Care Medicine|volume=43|issue=2|year=2015|pages=461–472|issn=0090-3493|doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000000708}}</ref>
+! align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |
+* Methanol
+* Ethylene glycol
+* Propylene glycol
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+* Positive urine [[oxalate]] crystals in [[Ethylene glycol|ethylene glycol poisoning]]
+|-
+! align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |
+* Isopropyl alcohol<ref>Ashurst JV, Nappe TM. Toxicity, Isopropanol. [Updated 2018 Mar 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493181/</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Toluene<ref name="Camara-LemarroyRodríguez-Gutiérrez2015">{{cite journal|last1=Camara-Lemarroy|first1=Carlos Rodrigo|last2=Rodríguez-Gutiérrez|first2=René|last3=Monreal-Robles|first3=Roberto|last4=González-González|first4=José Gerardo|title=Acute toluene intoxication–clinical presentation, management and prognosis: a prospective observational study|journal=BMC Emergency Medicine|volume=15|issue=1|year=2015|issn=1471-227X|doi=10.1186/s12873-015-0039-0}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+* Most widely abused inhaled drugs
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Salicylates<ref name="WrightSop2015">{{cite journal|last1=Wright|first1=Dallas|last2=Sop|first2=Jessica|title=Normal anion gap salicylate poisoning|journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=33|issue=11|year=2015|pages=1714.e3–1714.e4|issn=07356757|doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2015.03.042}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical and elevated serum [[salicylate level]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+* Paradoxical [[alkalosis]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Metformin<ref name="GalieroConsani2018">{{cite journal|last1=Galiero|first1=Francesca|last2=Consani|first2=Giovanni|last3=Biancofiore|first3=Gianni|last4=Ruschi|first4=Stefano|last5=Forfori|first5=Francesco|title=Metformin intoxication: Vasopressin's key role in the management of severe lactic acidosis|journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=36|issue=2|year=2018|pages=341.e5–341.e6|issn=07356757|doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2017.10.057}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Agitated
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+* [[Hepatic failure|Liver failure]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Isoniazid<ref name="pmid2304098">{{cite journal |vauthors=Watkins RC, Hambrick EL, Benjamin G, Chavda SN |title=Isoniazid toxicity presenting as seizures and metabolic acidosis |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=57, 62, 64 |date=January 1990 |pmid=2304098 |pmc=2625939 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Agitated
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+* [[Seizure]]
+* [[Ataxia]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Acetazolamide<ref name="TeppemaBalanos2007">{{cite journal|last1=Teppema|first1=Luc J.|last2=Balanos|first2=George M.|last3=Steinback|first3=Craig D.|last4=Brown|first4=Allison D.|last5=Foster|first5=Glen E.|last6=Duff|first6=Henry J.|last7=Leigh|first7=Richard|last8=Poulin|first8=Marc J.|title=Effects of Acetazolamide on Ventilatory, Cerebrovascular, and Pulmonary Vascular Responses to Hypoxia|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=175|issue=3|year=2007|pages=277–281|issn=1073-449X|doi=10.1164/rccm.200608-1199OC}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Amphotericin B<ref name="BatesSu2001">{{cite journal|last1=Bates|first1=D. W.|last2=Su|first2=L.|last3=Yu|first3=D. T.|last4=Chertow|first4=G. M.|last5=Seger|first5=D. L.|last6=Gomes|first6=D. R. J.|last7=Dasbach|first7=E. J.|last8=Platt|first8=R.|title=Mortality and Costs of Acute Renal Failure Associated with Amphotericin B Therapy|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=32|issue=5|year=2001|pages=686–693|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1086/319211}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |CO<ref name="pmid10333448">{{cite journal |vauthors=Piantadosi CA |title=Diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning |journal=Respir Care Clin N Am |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=183–202 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10333448 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Cyanide<ref name="pmid12352039">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baud FJ, Borron SW, Mégarbane B, Trout H, Lapostolle F, Vicaut E, Debray M, Bismuth C |title=Value of lactic acidosis in the assessment of the severity of acute cyanide poisoning |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=30 |issue=9 |pages=2044–50 |date=September 2002 |pmid=12352039 |doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000026325.65944.7D |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Blood [[cyanide]] concentration
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |↑ acid <br>production
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Loss of <br>bicarbonate
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |↓ renal acid <br>excretion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |N/V
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Toxic/ill
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BP
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dehydration
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |LOC
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |paCO<sub>2</sub>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |O<sub>2</sub>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |WBC
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Hb
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BS
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cl<sup>−</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |K<sup>+</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Na<sup>+</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Ketones
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Lactic acid
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Serum AG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Osmolar gap
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Bun
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine pH
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine AG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine ketone
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard diagnosis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other findings
+|-
+| rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Ketoacidosis
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Diabetic<ref name="WolfsdorfAllgrove2014">{{cite journal|last1=Wolfsdorf|first1=Joseph I|last2=Allgrove|first2=Jeremy|last3=Craig|first3=Maria E|last4=Edge|first4=Julie|last5=Glaser|first5=Nicole|last6=Jain|first6=Vandana|last7=Lee|first7=Warren WR|last8=Mungai|first8=Lucy NW|last9=Rosenbloom|first9=Arlan L|last10=Sperling|first10=Mark A|last11=Hanas|first11=Ragnar|title=Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state|journal=Pediatric Diabetes|volume=15|issue=S20|year=2014|pages=154–179|issn=1399543X|doi=10.1111/pedi.12165}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical + [[hyperglycemia]] + [[ketosis]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Starvation<ref name="pmid27752032">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mostert M, Bonavia A |title=Starvation Ketoacidosis as a Cause of Unexplained Metabolic Acidosis in the Perioperative Period |journal=Am J Case Rep |volume=17 |issue= |pages=755–758 |date=October 2016 |pmid=27752032 |pmc=5070574 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Alcoholic (Ethanol)<ref name="pmid28613672">{{cite journal |vauthors=Howard RD, Bokhari SRA |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28613672 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Agitated
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ Nl ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical + [[ketosis]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+* Chronic [[alcohol abuse]]
+* Zero or low [[Alcohol|alcohol level]]
+|-
+| rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Systemic
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Sepsis<ref name="pmid28149822">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ganesh K, Sharma RN, Varghese J, Pillai MG |title=A profile of metabolic acidosis in patients with sepsis in an Intensive Care Unit setting |journal=Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=178–181 |date=2016 |pmid=28149822 |pmc=5225760 |doi=10.4103/2229-5151.195417 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical and lab finding
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Ischemia<ref name="KimmounNovy2015">{{cite journal|last1=Kimmoun|first1=Antoine|last2=Novy|first2=Emmanuel|last3=Auchet|first3=Thomas|last4=Ducrocq|first4=Nicolas|last5=Levy|first5=Bruno|title=Hemodynamic consequences of severe lactic acidosis in shock states: from bench to bedside|journal=Critical Care|volume=19|issue=1|year=2015|issn=1364-8535|doi=10.1186/s13054-015-0896-7}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical and lab finding
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Lactic acidosis<ref name="KrautIngelfinger2014">{{cite journal|last1=Kraut|first1=Jeffrey A.|last2=Ingelfinger|first2=Julie R.|last3=Madias|first3=Nicolaos E.|title=Lactic Acidosis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=371|issue=24|year=2014|pages=2309–2319|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1309483}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Agitated
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical and lab finding
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+| rowspan="5" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Renal
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Uremia<ref name="BrownMelamed2018">{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Denver|last2=Melamed|first2=Michal L.|title=New Frontiers in Treating Uremic Metabolic Acidosis|journal=Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology|volume=13|issue=1|year=2018|pages=4–5|issn=1555-9041|doi=10.2215/CJN.11771017}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical and lab finding
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Renal failure<ref name="KrautMadias2016">{{cite journal|last1=Kraut|first1=Jeffrey A.|last2=Madias|first2=Nicolaos E.|title=Metabolic Acidosis of CKD: An Update|journal=American Journal of Kidney Diseases|volume=67|issue=2|year=2016|pages=307–317|issn=02726386|doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.08.028}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Renal function tests|Renal function test]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Renal tubular acidosis<ref name="Gil-PeñaMejía2014">{{cite journal|last1=Gil-Peña|first1=Helena|last2=Mejía|first2=Natalia|last3=Santos|first3=Fernando|title=Renal Tubular Acidosis|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|volume=164|issue=4|year=2014|pages=691–698.e1|issn=00223476|doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.10.085}}</ref>
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Type I<ref name="Hemstreet2004">{{cite journal|last1=Hemstreet|first1=Brian A|title=Antimicrobial-Associated Renal Tubular Acidosis|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=38|issue=6|year=2004|pages=1031–1038|issn=1060-0280|doi=10.1345/aph.1D573}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical and lab finding
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+* Associated with [[Autoimmunity|autoimmune diseases]]
+* [[Delayed milestone|Growth retardation]] in children
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Type II
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical and lab finding
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Type IV
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical and lab finding
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+* [[Hypoaldosteronism]]
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |↑ acid <br>production
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Loss of <br>bicarbonate
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |↓ renal acid <br>excretion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |N/V
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Toxic/ill
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BP
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dehydration
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |LOC
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |paCO<sub>2</sub>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |O<sub>2</sub>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |WBC
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Hb
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BS
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cl<sup>−</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |K<sup>+</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Na<sup>+</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Ketones
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Lactic acid
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Serum AG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Osmolar gap
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Bun
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine pH
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine AG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine ketone
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard diagnosis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other findings
+|-
+| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Heart
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Heart failure<ref name="ParkChoi2015">{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Jin Joo|last2=Choi|first2=Dong-Ju|last3=Yoon|first3=Chang-Hwan|last4=Oh|first4=Il-Young|last5=Lee|first5=Ju Hyun|last6=Ahn|first6=Soyeon|last7=Yoo|first7=Byung-Su|last8=Kang|first8=Seok-Min|last9=Kim|first9=Jae-Joong|last10=Baek|first10=Sang-Hong|last11=Cho|first11=Myeong-Chan|last12=Jeon|first12=Eun-Seok|last13=Chae|first13=Shung Chull|last14=Ryu|first14=Kyu-Hyung|last15=Oh|first15=Byung-Hee|title=The prognostic value of arterial blood gas analysis in high-risk acute heart failure patients: an analysis of the Korean Heart Failure (KorHF) registry|journal=European Journal of Heart Failure|volume=17|issue=6|year=2015|pages=601–611|issn=13889842|doi=10.1002/ejhf.276}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical + [[echocardiogram]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* Elevated [[Natriuretic peptides|serum natriuretic peptide]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |MI<ref name="MannBajulaiye2014">{{cite journal|last1=Mann|first1=Sarah|last2=Bajulaiye|first2=Akinyemi|last3=Sturgeon|first3=Kathleen|last4=Sabri|first4=Abdelkarim|last5=Muthukumaran|first5=Geetha|last6=Libonati|first6=Joseph R.|title=Effects of acute angiotensin II on ischemia reperfusion injury following myocardial infarction|journal=Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System|volume=16|issue=1|year=2014|pages=13–22|issn=1470-3203|doi=10.1177/1470320314554963}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical + [[ECG]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |GI
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Diarrhea<ref name="GuerrantVan Gilder2001">{{cite journal|last1=Guerrant|first1=R. L.|last2=Van Gilder|first2=T.|last3=Steiner|first3=T. S.|last4=Thielman|first4=N. M.|last5=Slutsker|first5=L.|last6=Tauxe|first6=R. V.|last7=Hennessy|first7=T.|last8=Griffin|first8=P. M.|last9=DuPont|first9=H.|last10=Bradley Sack|first10=R.|last11=Tarr|first11=P.|last12=Neill|first12=M.|last13=Nachamkin|first13=I.|last14=Reller|first14=L. B.|last15=Osterholm|first15=M. T.|last16=Bennish|first16=M. L.|last17=Pickering|first17=L. K.|title=Practice Guidelines for the Management of Infectious Diarrhea|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=32|issue=3|year=2001|pages=331–351|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1086/318514}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Stool examination|Stool exam]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Hyperalimentation<ref name="ErlingssonHerard2009">{{cite journal|last1=Erlingsson|first1=Styrbjörn|last2=Herard|first2=Sebastian|last3=Dahlqvist Leinhard|first3=Olof|last4=Lindström|first4=Torbjörb|last5=Länne|first5=Toste|last6=Borga|first6=Magnus|last7=Nystrom|first7=Fredrik H.|title=Men develop more intraabdominal obesity and signs of the metabolic syndrome after hyperalimentation than women|journal=Metabolism|volume=58|issue=7|year=2009|pages=995–1001|issn=00260495|doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2009.02.028}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Liver failure<ref name="LangeBojunga2009">{{cite journal|last1=Lange|first1=Christian M.|last2=Bojunga|first2=Jörg|last3=Hofmann|first3=Wolf Peter|last4=Wunder|first4=Katrin|last5=Mihm|first5=Ulrike|last6=Zeuzem|first6=Stefan|last7=Sarrazin|first7=Christoph|title=Severe lactic acidosis during treatment of chronic hepatitis B with entecavir in patients with impaired liver function|journal=Hepatology|volume=50|issue=6|year=2009|pages=2001–2006|issn=02709139|doi=10.1002/hep.23346}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Confused
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Liver biopsy]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Endocrine
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Hyperparathyroidism<ref name="BilezikianPotts2002">{{cite journal|last1=Bilezikian|first1=John P.|last2=Potts|first2=John T.|last3=Fuleihan|first3=Ghada El-Hajj|last4=Kleerekoper|first4=Michael|last5=Neer|first5=Robert|last6=Peacock|first6=Munro|last7=Rastad|first7=Jonas|last8=Silverberg|first8=Shonni J.|last9=Udelsman|first9=Robert|last10=Wells|first10=Samuel A.|title=Summary Statement from a Workshop on Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Perspective for the 21st Century|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=87|issue=12|year=2002|pages=5353–5361|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jc.2002-021370}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Confused
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Parathyroid hormone|PTH]] level
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Addison's disease<ref name="TenNew2001">{{cite journal|last1=Ten|first1=Svetlana|last2=New|first2=Maria|last3=Maclaren|first3=Noel|title=Addison’s Disease 2001|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=86|issue=7|year=2001|pages=2909–2922|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jcem.86.7.7636}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Irritable
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Hormone]] level
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+* [[Weakness]]
+* [[Hyperpigmentation]]
+* [[Adrenal crisis|Adrenal Crisis]]
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |↑ acid <br>production
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Loss of <br>bicarbonate
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |↓ renal acid <br>excretion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |N/V
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Toxic/ill
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BP
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dehydration
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |LOC
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |paCO<sub>2</sub>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |O<sub>2</sub>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |WBC
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Hb
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BS
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cl<sup>−</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |K<sup>+</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Na<sup>+</sup>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Ketones
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Lactic acid
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Serum AG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Osmolar gap
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Bun
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine pH
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine AG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine ketone
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard diagnosis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other findings
+|}
+==References==
+{{reflist|2}}

Metabolic acidosis differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:38, 21 May 2018

Overview

Metabolic Acidosis Differential Diagnosis

References

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