Wide complex tachycardia overview

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Wide complex tachycardia Microchapters
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Overview
Causes
Differentiating VT from SVT with aberrant conduction
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
EKG Examples
Electrophysiologic testing
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Wide complex tachycardia is a cardiac rhythm of more than 100 beats per minute with a QRS duration of 120 milliseconds or more. It is critical to differentiate whether the wide complex tachycardia is of ventricular origin and is ventricular tachycardia (VT), or if it is of supraventricular origin with aberrant conduction (SVT with aberrancy). Rapid differentiation between these two causes of wide complex tachycardia is absolutely critical because the treatment options are quite different for VT versus SVT with aberrancy. Wide complex tachycardia should be assumed to be due to ventricular tachycardia even in a hemodynamically stable patient unless proven otherwise, and first line treatment with verapamil should be avoided.

Causes

A wide complex tachycardia is either of ventricular origin (ventricular tachycardia or VT), of supraventricular origin with aberrant conduction (SVT with aberrancy), of supraventricular origin and is conducted down a bypass tract such as in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW), or is due to a pacemaker malfunction. Approximately 80% of wide complex tachycardias are due to ventricular tachycardia.

Differential Diagnosis of Wide Complex Tachycardia: Distinguishing VT from SVT

For more detailed information regarding how to differentiate VT from SVT please view the differential diagnosis page or click here.

Differentiating between VT and SVT as the cause of wide complex tachycardia is absolutely critical because the treatment options are quite different for VT versus SVT with aberrancy.

Ventricular Tachycardia

The diagnosis of VT is more likely if:

• There is a history of myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, heart failure or structural heart disease
• The electrical axis is -90 to -180 degrees (a “northwest” or “superior” axis)
• The QRS is > 140 msec
• There is AV dissociation
• There are positive or negative QRS complexes in all the precordial leads
• The morphology of the QRS complexes resembles that of a previous premature ventricular contraction (PVC).
• Hemodynamic stability does not reliably differentiate VT from SVT. Patients with ventricular tachycardia can often be hemodynamically stable, and stable vital signs do not rule out ventricular tachycardia. This is often a major mistake on the part of clinicians and can lead to inappropriate treatment of VT as SVT with poor outcomes.

Supraventricular Tachycardia with Aberrant Conduction

The diagnosis of atrial fibrillation with aberrant conduction should be considered if

• The heart rate is over 200 beats per minute
• If the rhythm is grossly irregularly irregular

Pre-Excitation

The diagnosis of rapid conduction down a bypass tract due to ventricular pre-excitation such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) should be considered if

• There is intermittent present of a Delta wave
• There is intermittently a short PR interval

Paced Rhythms

A paced rhythm as a cause of wide complex tachycardia is infrequent. This diagnosis is suggested if

• A pacemaker is in place and there is a LBBB pattern with superior left axis deviation, however, depending on the site of pacing this pattern can vary significantly
• A wide complex tachycardia can be due to an SVT if the pacemaker is tracking sensed atrial activity and is pacing the ventricles rapidly as result
• Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia may be present if there is retrograde conduction which triggers atrial activity during ventricular pacing.
• Runaway pacemaker syndrome in which the pacemaker fires at a rate of nearly 2000 bpm and captures intermittently
• Sensor induced tachycardia in which case the pacemaker fires at a rate of nearly 160-180 bpm in response to electrocautery, noise, vibration, limb movement or other stimuli.

Epidemiology and Demographics

The underlying cause of wide complex tachycardia tends to be ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients > 35 years of age (sensitivity of 92% and a positive predictive value of 85% for VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with aberrancy in patients < 35 years of age (positive predictive value of approximately 70%).

Risk Factors

Risk factors for the ventricular tachycardia as a cause of wide complex tachycardia include a history of prior myocardial infarction, a history of congestive heart failure, and a history of recent angina pectoris. These three historical features have positive predictive values for VT of > 95% in a small study, but sensitivities of 66%, 24%, and 24%, respectively. Wide complex tachycardia will be due to VT in 98% of cases if there's a history of structural heart disease. Only 7% of patients with SVT with aberrancy will have had a prior myocardial infarction (MI).

Electrocardiogram

Wide complex tachycardia is defined as a heart rate > 100 beats per minute and a QRS duration > 120 ms.

Case 1

VT with right bundle branch block morphology: AV dissociation is present, the QRS interval is greater than 140 ms, and the complexes are all up right in the anterior precordial leads consistent with ventricular tachycardia as the origin of the rhythm.

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Case 2:

Shown below is a patient with sinus tachycardia and WPW which mimics VT: A Delta wave consistent with pre-excitation is present.

Laboratory Studies

Electroyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia (which can be associated with ventricular tachycardia), and hypomagnesemia (which can lead to Torsade de Pointes) should be ruled out.

Medical Therapy

The management of wide complex tachycardia should begin by assessing the patient's ABCs (airway, breathing, and circulation). If the patient is unstable and either hypotension, altered mental status, chest pain, heart failure or seizures are present, then immediate synchronized cardioversion should be performed. If the patient is stable, the optimal management depends upon the differentiation of ventricular tachycardia versus supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction as a cause of the wide complex tachycardia. Treatment targeted at the underlying cause can then be initiated. A wide complex tachycardia should be assumed to be and managed as though it is due to ventricular tachycardia until proven otherwise. This is true even in a hemodynamically stable patient until proven otherwise (VT can often be hemodynamically stable). The initial management strategy includes avoiding the use of a long acting AV nodal blocking agent and drugs that suppress left ventricular contractility such as verapamil which can induce hypotension in a previously stable patient.

Wide complex tachycardia QRS ≥ 120ms

Do the following simultaneously: - Assess and support ABC's as needed - Give oxygen - Monitor ECG, BP, oxymetry - Identify and treat reversible causes (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia

Is the patient stable? Unstable signs include: - Chest pain - Congestive heart failure - Hypotension - Loss of consciousness - Seizures

Yes

No

Is the rhythm regular?

Immediate synchronized cardioversion -Establish IV access - Give IV sedation if the patient is conscious - Consider expert consultation

Regular rhythm

Irregular rhythm

Ventricular tachycardia or uncertain rhythm?

Confirmed SVT with aberrancy?

Afib with aberrancy?

Pre-excited Afib (Afib + WPW)?

Recurrent polymorphic VT?

Torsade de pointes?

- Give amiodarone 150 mg IV over 10 min - Repeat amiodarone as needed for a maximal dose of 2.2g/24h - Prepare for elective synchronized cardioversion

- If certain VT is not present, give adenosine 6 mg rapid IV push - If no conversion give 12 mg IV push - May repeat 12 mg dose once

- Consider expert consultation - Control rate e.g diltiazem or beta blockers Use beta blockers with caution in pulmonary diseases or CHF

- Consider expert consultation - Avoid AV nodal blocking agents e.g adenosine, digoxin, diltiazem and verapamil - Consider amiodarone 150 mg IV over 10 min

Consider expert consultation

Load with Magnesium 1-2 g over 5-60 min, then infusion

Algorithm based on ACLS guidelines for the management of tachycardia.