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__NOTOC__
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{{Third degree AV block}}
{{Third degree AV block}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}}; {{RT}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}}; {{RT}}; {{Hilda}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
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|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute rheumatic fever]], [[amyloidosis]], [[aspergillosis|aspergillosis myocarditis]], [[atrial septal defect]], [[bacterial endocarditis]], [[congenital heart block]],<ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Congenital complete atrioventricular block. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC325472/ | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 21 August 2013  }}</ref>  [[coronary ischemia]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[endocardial cushion defect]],   
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute rheumatic fever]], [[amyloidosis]], [[aspergillosis|aspergillosis myocarditis]], [[atrial septal defect]], [[bacterial endocarditis]], [[congenital heart block]],<ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Congenital complete atrioventricular block. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC325472/ | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 21 August 2013  }}</ref>  [[coronary ischemia]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[endocardial cushion defect]],   
[[hypertension]],<ref name="pmid18174773">{{cite journal |author=Lionakis N, Moyssakis I, Gialafos E, Dalianis N, Votteas V |title=Aortic dissection and third-degree atrioventricular block in a patient with a hypertensive crisis |journal=J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=69–72 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18174773 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]],  [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy alcohol septal ablation]],<ref name="pmid23363714">{{cite journal |author=Liu R, Qiao SB, Hu FH, Yang WX, Yuan JS |title=[Clinical features of five patients with delayed third degree atrioventricular block after ethanol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=1009–11 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23363714 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[heart block|idiopathic heart block]]<ref name="pmid22068075">{{cite journal |author=Sykes JA, Lubega J, Ezetendu C, Verma R, O'Connor B, Kalyanaraman M |title=Asymptomatic complete atrioventricular block in a 13-year-old girl |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1081–3 |year=2011 |month=November |pmid=22068075 |doi=10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182360674 |url=}}</ref><ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Idiopathic heart block: association with vitiligo, thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, and diabetes mellitus. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1675154/ | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 21 August 2013 }}</ref> [[idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]], [[mitochondrial myopathy]], [[myocardial infarction]],<ref name="pmid18274563">{{cite journal |author=Malla RR, Sayami A |title=In hospital complications and mortality of patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction |journal=JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc |volume=46 |issue=167 |pages=99–102 |year=2007 |pmid=18274563 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[myocarditis]] ,[[noncompaction cardiomyopathy]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], [[transposition of the great vessels]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[ventricular septal defect]]
[[hypertension]],<ref name="pmid18174773">{{cite journal |author=Lionakis N, Moyssakis I, Gialafos E, Dalianis N, Votteas V |title=Aortic dissection and third-degree atrioventricular block in a patient with a hypertensive crisis |journal=J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=69–72 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18174773 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]],  [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy alcohol septal ablation]],<ref name="pmid23363714">{{cite journal |author=Liu R, Qiao SB, Hu FH, Yang WX, Yuan JS |title=[Clinical features of five patients with delayed third degree atrioventricular block after ethanol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=1009–11 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23363714 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[heart block|idiopathic heart block]],<ref name="pmid22068075">{{cite journal |author=Sykes JA, Lubega J, Ezetendu C, Verma R, O'Connor B, Kalyanaraman M |title=Asymptomatic complete atrioventricular block in a 13-year-old girl |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1081–3 |year=2011 |month=November |pmid=22068075 |doi=10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182360674 |url=}}</ref><ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Idiopathic heart block: association with vitiligo, thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, and diabetes mellitus. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1675154/ | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 21 August 2013 }}</ref> [[idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]], [[mitochondrial myopathy]], [[myocardial infarction]],<ref name="pmid18274563">{{cite journal |author=Malla RR, Sayami A |title=In hospital complications and mortality of patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction |journal=JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc |volume=46 |issue=167 |pages=99–102 |year=2007 |pmid=18274563 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[myocarditis]] ,[[noncompaction cardiomyopathy]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], [[transposition of the great vessels]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[ventricular septal defect]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[hemochromatosis]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[hemochromatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hyperkalemia]],
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hyperkalemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]],<ref name="pmid20979789">{{cite journal |author=Tian Z, Fang Q, Zhao DC, ''et al.'' |title=[The clinico-pathological manifestation of cardiac involvement in eosinophilic diseases] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=684–7 |year=2010 |month=August |pmid=20979789 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[degenerative diseases]], [[dermatomyositis]],  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]],<ref name="pmid20979789">{{cite journal |author=Tian Z, Fang Q, Zhao DC, ''et al.'' |title=[The clinico-pathological manifestation of cardiac involvement in eosinophilic diseases] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=684–7 |year=2010 |month=August |pmid=20979789 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[degenerative diseases]], [[dermatomyositis]],  
[[Erb's dystrophy]], [[idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]], [[muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid23194837">{{cite journal |author=Facenda-Lorenzo M, Hernández-Afonso J, Rodríguez-Esteban M, de León-Hernández JC, Grillo-Pérez JJ |title=Cardiac Manifestations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients Followed Using a Standard Protocol in a Specialized Unit |journal=Rev Esp Cardiol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=23194837 |doi=10.1016/j.recesp.2012.08.011 |url=}}</ref> [[myotonic muscular dystrophy]],  [[peroneal muscular atrophy]], [[Reiter's syndrome]], [[relapsing polychondritis]],[[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]],<ref name="pmid20920962">{{cite journal |author=Femenía F, Arce M, Arrieta M |title=[Systemic sclerosis complicated with syncope and complete AV block] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Medicina (B Aires) |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=442–4 |year=2010 |pmid=20920962 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[systemic lupus erythematosus]],
[[Erb's dystrophy]], [[idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]], [[muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid23194837">{{cite journal |author=Facenda-Lorenzo M, Hernández-Afonso J, Rodríguez-Esteban M, de León-Hernández JC, Grillo-Pérez JJ |title=Cardiac Manifestations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients Followed Using a Standard Protocol in a Specialized Unit |journal=Rev Esp Cardiol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=23194837 |doi=10.1016/j.recesp.2012.08.011 |url=}}</ref> [[myotonic muscular dystrophy]],  [[peroneal muscular atrophy]], [[Reiter's syndrome]], [[relapsing polychondritis]],[[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]],<ref name="pmid20920962">{{cite journal |author=Femenía F, Arce M, Arrieta M |title=[Systemic sclerosis complicated with syncope and complete AV block] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Medicina (B Aires) |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=442–4 |year=2010 |pmid=20920962 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
*[[Alcohol intoxication]]<ref name="pmid22679160">{{cite journal |author=van Cleef AN, Schuurman MJ, Busari JO |title=Third-degree atrioventricular block in an adolescent following acute alcohol intoxication |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2011 |issue= |pages= |year=2011 |pmid=22679160 |doi=10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4547 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19918387">{{cite journal |author=Brvar M, Bunc M |title=High-degree atrioventricular block in acute ethanol poisoning: a case report |journal=Cases J |volume=2 |issue= |pages=8559 |year=2009 |pmid=19918387 |pmc=2769457 |doi=10.4076/1757-1626-2-8559 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Alcohol intoxication]]<ref name="pmid22679160">{{cite journal |author=van Cleef AN, Schuurman MJ, Busari JO |title=Third-degree atrioventricular block in an adolescent following acute alcohol intoxication |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2011 |issue= |pages= |year=2011 |pmid=22679160 |doi=10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4547 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19918387">{{cite journal |author=Brvar M, Bunc M |title=High-degree atrioventricular block in acute ethanol poisoning: a case report |journal=Cases J |volume=2 |issue= |pages=8559 |year=2009 |pmid=19918387 |pmc=2769457 |doi=10.4076/1757-1626-2-8559 |url=}}</ref>
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*[[Digitalis]]
*[[Digitalis]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Diphtheria]]
*[[Diphtheria]]
*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
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*[[Muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid23194837">{{cite journal |author=Facenda-Lorenzo M, Hernández-Afonso J, Rodríguez-Esteban M, de León-Hernández JC, Grillo-Pérez JJ |title=Cardiac Manifestations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients Followed Using a Standard Protocol in a Specialized Unit |journal=Rev Esp Cardiol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=23194837 |doi=10.1016/j.recesp.2012.08.011 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid23194837">{{cite journal |author=Facenda-Lorenzo M, Hernández-Afonso J, Rodríguez-Esteban M, de León-Hernández JC, Grillo-Pérez JJ |title=Cardiac Manifestations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients Followed Using a Standard Protocol in a Specialized Unit |journal=Rev Esp Cardiol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=23194837 |doi=10.1016/j.recesp.2012.08.011 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Myocardial infarction]] <ref name="pmid18274563">{{cite journal |author=Malla RR, Sayami A |title=In hospital complications and mortality of patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction |journal=JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc |volume=46 |issue=167 |pages=99–102 |year=2007 |pmid=18274563 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Myocardial infarction]] <ref name="pmid18274563">{{cite journal |author=Malla RR, Sayami A |title=In hospital complications and mortality of patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction |journal=JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc |volume=46 |issue=167 |pages=99–102 |year=2007 |pmid=18274563 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myotonic muscular dystrophy]]
*[[Myotonic muscular dystrophy]]
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*[[Varicella zoster]]
*[[Varicella zoster]]
*[[Ventricular septal defect]]
*[[Ventricular septal defect]]
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==
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Revision as of 14:26, 22 August 2013

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]; Hilda Mahmoudi M.D., M.P.H.[4]

Overview

Many conditions can cause third degree heart block, but the most common cause is coronary ischemia. Progressive degeneration of the electrical conduction system of the heart can lead to third degree heart block. In addition, acute myocardial infarction may present with third degree AV block.
Third degree heart block may also be congenital and has been linked to the presence of lupus in the mother. The cause of congenital third degree heart block in many patients is unknown.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Third degree heart block is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the causes. Life-threatening conditions can result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute rheumatic fever, amyloidosis, aspergillosis myocarditis, atrial septal defect, bacterial endocarditis, congenital heart block,[2] coronary ischemia, dilated cardiomyopathy, Ebstein's anomaly, endocardial cushion defect,

hypertension,[3] hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy alcohol septal ablation,[4] idiopathic heart block,[5][2] idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, mitochondrial myopathy, myocardial infarction,[1] myocarditis ,noncompaction cardiomyopathy, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, valvular heart disease, ventricular septal defect

Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Beta-blocker, calcium channel blocker,[6] cardiac glycosides, cholinesterase inhibitor, digitalis, procainamide, quinidine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Amyloidosis, hyperthyroidism,[7]
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Erb's dystrophy, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, nail-patella syndrome
Hematologic Thalassemia major[8]
Iatrogenic Cardiac surgery
Infectious Disease Aspergillosis myocarditis, bacterial endocarditis, Chagas disease, diphtheria,

lyme disease,[9][10][11] Varicella zoster

Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Enhanced vagal tone, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
Nutritional/Metabolic Amyloidosis, hemochromatosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Hodgkin disease, multiple myeloma, tumor,[12][13]
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity Alcohol intoxication[14][15]|-
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Hyperkalemia
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Amyloidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, Becker muscular dystrophy, Churg-Strauss syndrome,[16] degenerative diseases, dermatomyositis,

Erb's dystrophy, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, muscular dystrophy[17] myotonic muscular dystrophy, peroneal muscular atrophy, Reiter's syndrome, relapsing polychondritis,sarcoidosis, scleroderma,[18] systemic lupus erythematosus

Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Trauma[19][20]

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Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Malla RR, Sayami A (2007). "In hospital complications and mortality of patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction". JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 46 (167): 99–102. PMID 18274563.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Congenital complete atrioventricular block". Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lionakis N, Moyssakis I, Gialafos E, Dalianis N, Votteas V (2008). "Aortic dissection and third-degree atrioventricular block in a patient with a hypertensive crisis". J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 10 (1): 69–72. PMID 18174773. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Liu R, Qiao SB, Hu FH, Yang WX, Yuan JS (2012). "[Clinical features of five patients with delayed third degree atrioventricular block after ethanol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]". Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi (in Chinese). 40 (12): 1009–11. PMID 23363714. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sykes JA, Lubega J, Ezetendu C, Verma R, O'Connor B, Kalyanaraman M (2011). "Asymptomatic complete atrioventricular block in a 13-year-old girl". Pediatr Emerg Care. 27 (11): 1081–3. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182360674. PMID 22068075. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Wills BK, Liu JM, Wahl M (2010). "Third-degree AV block [from extended-release diltiazem ingestion in a nine-month-old". J Emerg Med. 38 (3): 328–31. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.10.053. PMID 18403171. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Amasyalı B, Barçın C, Kılıç A (2011). "[Supra-His complete atrioventricular block in a patient with subclinical hyperthyroidism]". Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars (in Turkish). 39 (8): 693–6. PMID 22257810. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Maleki AR, Nikyar B, Hosseini SM (2012). "Third-Degree Heart Block in Thalassemia major: A Case Report". Iran J Pediatr. 22 (2): 260–4. PMC 3446065. PMID 23056897. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bhattacharya IS, Dweck M, Francis M (2010). "Lyme carditis: a reversible cause of complete atrioventricular block". J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 40 (2): 121–2. doi:10.4997/JRCPE.2010.207. PMID 21125053. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Wagner V, Zima E, Gellér L, Merkely B (2010). "[Acute atrioventricular block in chronic Lyme disease]". Orv Hetil (in Hungarian). 151 (39): 1585–90. doi:10.1556/OH.2010.28965. PMID 20840915. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Semmler D, Blank R, Rupprecht H (2010). "Complete AV block in Lyme carditis: an important differential diagnosis". Clin Res Cardiol. 99 (8): 519–26. doi:10.1007/s00392-010-0152-8. PMID 20464556. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Frikha Z, Abid L, Abid D; et al. (2011). "Cardiac tamponade and paroxysmal third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac non-Hodgkin large B-cell lymphoma of the right ventricle: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 5: 433. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-5-433. PMC 3180417. PMID 21892927.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Houchaymi Z, Helou S, Ballout J (2010). "[Pericardial tamponade and third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac lymphoma]". Rev Med Interne (in French). 31 (11): e4–6. doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2010.01.014. PMID 20605278. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 van Cleef AN, Schuurman MJ, Busari JO (2011). "Third-degree atrioventricular block in an adolescent following acute alcohol intoxication". BMJ Case Rep. 2011. doi:10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4547. PMID 22679160.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Brvar M, Bunc M (2009). "High-degree atrioventricular block in acute ethanol poisoning: a case report". Cases J. 2: 8559. doi:10.4076/1757-1626-2-8559. PMC 2769457. PMID 19918387.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Tian Z, Fang Q, Zhao DC; et al. (2010). "[The clinico-pathological manifestation of cardiac involvement in eosinophilic diseases]". Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 49 (8): 684–7. PMID 20979789. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Facenda-Lorenzo M, Hernández-Afonso J, Rodríguez-Esteban M, de León-Hernández JC, Grillo-Pérez JJ (2012). "Cardiac Manifestations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients Followed Using a Standard Protocol in a Specialized Unit". Rev Esp Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2012.08.011. PMID 23194837. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Femenía F, Arce M, Arrieta M (2010). "[Systemic sclerosis complicated with syncope and complete AV block]". Medicina (B Aires) (in Spanish; Castilian). 70 (5): 442–4. PMID 20920962.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Thakar S, Chandra P, Pednekar M, Kabalkin C, Shani J (2012). "Complete heart block following a blow on the chest by a soccer ball: a rare manifestation of commotio cordis". Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 17 (3): 280–2. doi:10.1111/j.1542-474X.2012.00518.x. PMID 22816548. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Portet N, Riu B, Bounes V, Minville V, Fourcade O (2012). "Left ventricular-right atrial communication with third-degree atrioventricular block after thoracic trauma". J Emerg Med. 43 (6): e385–8. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.11.059. PMID 21621364. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


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