Line 19:
Line 19: *[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
==Causes According to the Location of the Abnormality==
===Atria===
====Respiratory Sinus arrhythmia====
====Sinus bradycardia====
====Low atrial focus bradycardia====
====First degreee AV block====
====Second degree AV block====
====Complete or third-degree AV block====
====Sick sinus syndrome====
===AV junction===
====Junctional escape rhythm====
===Ventricles===
====Isorhythmic A-V dissociation====
====Slow VT (idioventricular rhythm)====
====Ventricular escape rhythm====
===Causes of Bradycardia By Organ System===
===Causes of Bradycardia By Organ System===
Line 308:
Line 279: [[Drowning]],
[[Drowning]],
[[Mammalian diving reflex]],
[[Mammalian diving reflex]],
|-
|-
|}
|}
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M.Umer Tariq [2]
Overview Pathologic bradycardias are caused by disorders of impulse generation (impaired automaticity at SA node ), impulse conduction (heart block ) or escape pacemakers and rhythms. Bradycardia can be underlain by several causes, which are best divided into cardiac and non-cardiac causes or based on the location of the abnormality. Non-cardiac causes are usually secondary, and can involve recreational drug use; endocrine disorders (hypothyroid ); electrolyte imbalance (hyperkalemia ); autonomic reflexes; situational factors (prolonged bed rest ); infections lyme disease ; medications; and autoimmunity disorders. Cardiac causes include acute or chronic ischemic heart disease , vascular heart disease , valvular heart disease , or degenerative primary electrical disease (fibrosis and calcification of the sinus node and conduction system ).
Causes Life Threatening Causes Common Causes Causes of Bradycardia By Organ System
Cardiovascular
Atrioventricular Block ,
Cardiac arrhythmia ,
Cardiac Dysrhythmias ,
Cardiomegaly ,
Right Bundle Branch Block ,
Second Degree AV Block ,
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complications ,
Sinoatrial Block ,
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia ,
Sick sinus syndrome ,
Cardiomyopathy ,
Distichiasis - heart and vasculature anomalies - sinus bradycardia
Chemical / poisoning
Carbamate ,
Opioid poisoning ,
Dermatologic
No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect
Aceclidine ,
Acepromazine ,
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ,
Adenosine ,
Amiodarone ,
Amodiaquine ,
Atenolol ,
Barbiturates ,
Beta-blockers ,
Bupivacaine ,
Calcium channel blocker ,
Clomipramine ,
Clonidine ,
Detomidine ,
Digitalis ,
Diltiazem ,
Diphenhydramine ,
Donepezil ,
Doxepin ,
Glyceryl trinitrate ,
Hydrocodone ,
Ibuprofen ,
Isosorbide dinitrate ,
Ivabradine ,
Levobetaxolol ,
Levobupivacaine ,
Lidocaine ,
Lithium ,
Medetomidine ,
Mefloquine ,
Mepivacaine ,
Methacholine ,
Methoxamine ,
Methyldopa ,
Morphine ,
Moxonidine ,
Nadolol ,
Nalbuphine ,
Nalmefene ,
Opioid ,
Oxymorphone ,
Phenobarbital ,
Phenylephrine ,
Phenytoin ,
Pilocarpine ,
Propafenone ,
Propranolol ,
Quinidine ,
Reserpine ,
Ropivacaine ,
Sulpiride ,
Suxamethonium chloride ,
Tacrine ,
Timolol ,
Trazodone ,
Uncaria tomentosa ,
Xylazine ,
Ear Nose Throat
No underlying causes
Endocrine
Hypothyroidism ,
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ,
Environmental
Grayanotoxin ,
Hellebore ,
Hypothermia ,
Heat exhaustion
Gastroenterologic
Obstructive jaundice , Necrotizing enterocolitis , Typhoid fever
Genetic
Congenital Long QT Syndrome ,
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia , Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy , Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome ,
Distichiasis - heart and vasculature anomalies - sinus bradycardia
Hematologic
No underlying causes
Iatrogenic
Enema ,
Gastric lavage ,
PCI Complications: Radiocontrast toxicity ,
Rapid sequence induction , Cardiac catheterization
Infectious Disease
Chagas' disease ,
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ,
Legionella pneumonia and Mycoplasma pneumonia ,
Tularaemia ,
Colorado tick fever ,
Brucellosis ,
Trypanosoma cruzi ,
Typhoid fever ,
Septic shock
Musculoskeletal / Ortho
Holt-Oram syndrome ,
Vertebral subluxation ,
Neurologic
Vasovagal syncope ,
Vagal episode ,
Neurogenic shock ,
Subarachanoid hemorrhage ,
Raised Intracranial pressure ,
Autonomic neuropathy ,
Cerebral hemorrhage ,
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis ,
Cushing triad ,
Cushing reaction ,
Cushing reflex ,
Neurocardiogenic Syncope ,
Increased intracranial pressure
Nutritional / Metabolic
Hypercalcemia ,
Hyperkalemia ,
Hypokalemia ,
Anorexia Nervosa ,
Malnutrition
Obstetric/Gynecologic
Fetal distress ,
Neonatal lupus erythematosus ,
Vasa previa ,
Oncologic
No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic
Oculocardiac reflex , Distichiasis - heart and vasculature anomalies - sinus bradycardia
Overdose / Toxicity
Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid ,
Hydroxyethyl starch
Speedball (drug) ,
Theobromine poisoning ,
Sedatives
Cyclic antidepressant poisoning
Psychiatric
Anorexia Nervosa ,
Pulmonary
Apnea of prematurity , Asphyxia neonatorum , Pneumothorax
Renal / Electrolyte
No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy
No underlying causes
Sexual
No underlying causes
Trauma
Skull fracture
Urologic
No underlying causes
Miscellaneous
Drowning ,
Mammalian diving reflex ,
Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
↑ Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR; et al. PMID 20301600 . ↑ Goldstein S, Qazi QH, Fitzgerald J, Goldstein J, Friedman AP, Sawyer P (1985). "Distichiasis, congenital heart defects and mixed peripheral vascular anomalies". Am. J. Med. Genet . 20 (2): 283–94. doi :10.1002/ajmg.1320200212 . PMID 3976722 .
Template:WH
Template:WS