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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The discovery of HDL dates back to 1929 when Michel Macheboeuf isolated an [[Alpha globulin|α-globulin]] from horse serum in the Pasteur Institute.<ref name="pmid9478044">{{cite journal| author=Olson RE| title=Discovery of the lipoproteins, their role in fat transport and their significance as risk factors. | journal=J Nutr | year= 1998 | volume= 128 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= 439S-443S | pmid=9478044 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9478044 }} </ref> This lipoprotein was identified to be an [[High density lipoprotein classification#Surface Charge|alpha lipoprotein]] and later referred to as HDL. Further understanding of lipoproteins has been accomplished after the classification of lipoproteins into alpha and beta, referring to HDL and [[LDL]] respectively.<ref name="pmid16198834">{{cite journal| author=Gotto AM| title=Evolving concepts of dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease: the Louis F. Bishop Lecture. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 46 | issue= 7 | pages= 1219-24 | pmid=16198834 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2005.06.059 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16198834 }} </ref> For a long time, [[LDL]] and its association with cardiovascular outcomes were the focus of research studies. However, the discovery that HDL is not as simple as it was thought in terms of structure and function has lead to more studies about this complex lipoprotein. One of the earliest association between HDL level and cardiovascular risks was hypothesized in the mid 1970's.<ref name="pmid46338">{{cite journal| author=Miller GJ, Miller NE| title=Plasma-high-density-lipoprotein concentration and development of ischaemic heart-disease. | journal=Lancet | year= 1975 | volume= 1 | issue= 7897 | pages= 16-9 | pmid=46338 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=46338 }} </ref> The Framingham Heart Study and | The discovery of HDL dates back to 1929 when Michel Macheboeuf isolated an [[Alpha globulin|α-globulin]] from horse serum in the Pasteur Institute.<ref name="pmid9478044">{{cite journal| author=Olson RE| title=Discovery of the lipoproteins, their role in fat transport and their significance as risk factors. | journal=J Nutr | year= 1998 | volume= 128 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= 439S-443S | pmid=9478044 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9478044 }} </ref> This lipoprotein was identified to be an [[High density lipoprotein classification#Surface Charge|alpha lipoprotein]] and later referred to as HDL. Further understanding of lipoproteins has been accomplished after the classification of lipoproteins into alpha and beta, referring to HDL and [[LDL]] respectively.<ref name="pmid16198834">{{cite journal| author=Gotto AM| title=Evolving concepts of dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease: the Louis F. Bishop Lecture. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 46 | issue= 7 | pages= 1219-24 | pmid=16198834 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2005.06.059 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16198834 }} </ref> For a long time, [[LDL]] and its association with cardiovascular outcomes were the focus of research studies. However, the discovery that HDL is not as simple as it was thought in terms of structure and function has lead to more studies about this complex lipoprotein. One of the earliest association between HDL level and cardiovascular risks was hypothesized in the mid 1970's.<ref name="pmid46338">{{cite journal| author=Miller GJ, Miller NE| title=Plasma-high-density-lipoprotein concentration and development of ischaemic heart-disease. | journal=Lancet | year= 1975 | volume= 1 | issue= 7897 | pages= 16-9 | pmid=46338 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=46338 }} </ref> The Framingham Heart Study and the Helsinki Heart Study were among the famous studies that confirmed this association in the late 1980's.<ref name="pmid3196218">{{cite journal| author=Wilson PW, Abbott RD, Castelli WP| title=High density lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality. The Framingham Heart Study. | journal=Arteriosclerosis | year= 1988 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= 737-41 | pmid=3196218 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3196218 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3322826">{{cite journal| author=Mänttäri M, Elo O, Frick MH, Haapa K, Heinonen OP, Heinsalmi P et al.| title=The Helsinki Heart Study: basic design and randomization procedure. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 1987 | volume= 8 Suppl I | issue= | pages= 1-29 | pmid=3322826 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3322826 }} </ref> | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
Revision as of 03:46, 11 November 2013
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby, M.D. [2]
Overview
The discovery of HDL dates back to 1929 when Michel Macheboeuf isolated an α-globulin from horse serum in the Pasteur Institute.[1] This lipoprotein was identified to be an alpha lipoprotein and later referred to as HDL. Further understanding of lipoproteins has been accomplished after the classification of lipoproteins into alpha and beta, referring to HDL and LDL respectively.[2] For a long time, LDL and its association with cardiovascular outcomes were the focus of research studies. However, the discovery that HDL is not as simple as it was thought in terms of structure and function has lead to more studies about this complex lipoprotein. One of the earliest association between HDL level and cardiovascular risks was hypothesized in the mid 1970's.[3] The Framingham Heart Study and the Helsinki Heart Study were among the famous studies that confirmed this association in the late 1980's.[4][5]
Historical Perspective
- In 1929, Michel Macheboeuf isloated the first lipoprotein from horse serum. A stable, water-soluble α-globulin was precipitated from an ammonium sulfate-treated horse serum and later recognized as HDL.[1]
- Further understanding of the nature of lipoproteins was driven by the laboratories efforts to purify blood for transfusion during World War II. Lipoproteins were classified into "alpha-lipoprotein" and "beta-lipoprotein" referring to HDL and LDL respectively.[2]
- For a lot of years, HDL was thought to be as simple in structure as LDL. Insight about the complexity and heterogeneity of HDL began later on after the discovery that HDL has several constituent proteins.
- In an article published in The Lancet in 1975, scientists hypothesized the association between low HDL level and high cardiovacular risk based on the finding that body cholesterol pool increases as HDL decreases.[3] The association between low HDL and cardiovacular risk factors was thoroughly investigated by The Framingham Heart Study and The Helsinki Heart Study in the late 1980's.[4][5]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Olson RE (1998). "Discovery of the lipoproteins, their role in fat transport and their significance as risk factors". J Nutr. 128 (2 Suppl): 439S–443S. PMID 9478044.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gotto AM (2005). "Evolving concepts of dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease: the Louis F. Bishop Lecture". J Am Coll Cardiol. 46 (7): 1219–24. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.06.059. PMID 16198834.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Miller GJ, Miller NE (1975). "Plasma-high-density-lipoprotein concentration and development of ischaemic heart-disease". Lancet. 1 (7897): 16–9. PMID 46338.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Wilson PW, Abbott RD, Castelli WP (1988). "High density lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality. The Framingham Heart Study". Arteriosclerosis. 8 (6): 737–41. PMID 3196218.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Mänttäri M, Elo O, Frick MH, Haapa K, Heinonen OP, Heinsalmi P; et al. (1987). "The Helsinki Heart Study: basic design and randomization procedure". Eur Heart J. 8 Suppl I: 1–29. PMID 3322826.