Pulmonary hypertension causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Pulmonary hypertension can be classified into primary pulmonary hypertension(of unknown cause) which is currently known as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), and secondary pulmonary hypertension (due to another medical condition). The most common cause of pulmonary hypertension is [[left heart failure]], other common causes include [[HIV]], [[systemic sclerosis]], [[portal hypertension]], [[sickle cell disease]],<ref>Gladwin MT, Sachdev V, Jison ML, Shizukuda Y, Plehn JF, Minter K | Pulmonary hypertension can be classified into primary pulmonary hypertension(of unknown cause) which is currently known as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), and secondary pulmonary hypertension (due to another medical condition). The most common cause of pulmonary hypertension is [[left heart failure]], other common causes include [[HIV]], [[systemic sclerosis]], [[portal hypertension]], [[sickle cell disease]],<ref name="pmid14985486">{{cite journal| author=Gladwin MT, Sachdev V, Jison ML, Shizukuda Y, Plehn JF, Minter K et al.| title=Pulmonary hypertension as a risk factor for death in patients with sickle cell disease. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 350 | issue= 9 | pages= 886-95 | pmid=14985486 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa035477 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14985486 }} </ref> and [[congenital heart disease]]. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ralph Matar; Mohamed Moubarak, M.D. [2]
Overview
Pulmonary hypertension can be classified into primary pulmonary hypertension(of unknown cause) which is currently known as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), and secondary pulmonary hypertension (due to another medical condition). The most common cause of pulmonary hypertension is left heart failure, other common causes include HIV, systemic sclerosis, portal hypertension, sickle cell disease,[1] and congenital heart disease.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Pulmonary hypertension in itself is not a life threatening condition, but it is progressive fatal if left untreated.
Common Causes
The most common cause of pulmonary hypertension is left heart failure leading to pulmonary venous hypertension. Other Common causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) include:
- Cor Pulmonale( Right heart failure due to pulmonary disease)
- Congestive heart failure
- Congenital heart disease
- COPD
- Familial Pulmonary Hypertension
- HIV
- Interstitial lung disease
- Mitral stenosis
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Portal hypertension
- Pickwickian syndrome
- Right sided valvular disease
- Systemic sclerosis
- Sickle cell disease[2]
Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
When none of the causes on this page can be found, the disease is termed idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH).
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
Causes by Clinical Classification
Class 1: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
- Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.
- Heritable( BMPR2,ALK-1,Endogin...)
- Drug and toxin induced.
- Connective tissue diseases
- HIV
- Portal hypertension
- Congenital heart diseases
- Schistosomiasis
- Chronic hemolytic anemia.
- Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
Class 2: Pulmonary Venous Hypertension or pulmonary hypertension owing to left heart disease
Class 3: Pulmonary Hypertension associated with disorders of the respiratory system and/or Hypoxemia
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
- Interstitial lung disease
- Pulmonary diseases with mixed restrictive and obstructive patterns.
- Obstructive sleep apnea.
- High altitude(chronically).
- Developmental abnormalities.
Class 4: Pulmonary Hypertension due to chronic thrombotic and/or embolic disease
Class 5: Pulmonary Hypertension due to disorders directly affecting the pulmonary vasculature
- Hematologic disorders: Myeloproliferative disorders, splenectomy, polycythemia vera.
- Systemic disorders: Sarcoidosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, neurofibromatosis, vasculitis.
- Metabolic disorders: Glycogen storage diseases, Gaucher disease, thyroid disease.
- Miscellaneous: Tumor obstruction, fibrosing mediastinitis, chronic renal failure on dialysis.
References
- ↑ Gladwin MT, Sachdev V, Jison ML, Shizukuda Y, Plehn JF, Minter K; et al. (2004). "Pulmonary hypertension as a risk factor for death in patients with sickle cell disease". N Engl J Med. 350 (9): 886–95. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa035477. PMID 14985486.
- ↑ Gladwin MT, Sachdev V, Jison ML, Shizukuda Y, Plehn JF, Minter K, Brown B, Coles WA, Nichols JS, Ernst I, Hunter LA, Blackwelder WC, Schechter AN, Rodgers GP, Castro O, Ognibene FP. Pulmonary hypertension as a risk factor for death in patients with sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350:886-95
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nayak NC, Chitale AR (2013). "Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC) & ICC-like diseases: the changing scenario of facts versus notions". Indian J Med Res. 137 (6): 1029–42. PMC 3734708. PMID 23852284.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Schultze AE, Roth RA (1998). "Chronic pulmonary hypertension--the monocrotaline model and involvement of the hemostatic system". J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 1 (4): 271–346. doi:10.1080/10937409809524557. PMID 9776954.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kashyap S, Mohapatra PR (2013). "Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis". Lung India. 30 (2): 143–7. doi:10.4103/0970-2113.110424. PMC 3669555. PMID 23741096.