Tetracycline hydrochloride microbiology: Difference between revisions
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Tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic and exert their antimicrobial effect by the inhibition of protein synthesis. Tetracycline is active against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. The drugs in the tetracycline class have closely similar antimicrobial spectra, and cross-resistance among them is common. While in vitro studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of most strains of the following microorganisms, clinical efficacy for infections other than those included in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section has not been documented. | Tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic and exert their antimicrobial effect by the inhibition of protein synthesis. Tetracycline is active against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. The drugs in the tetracycline class have closely similar antimicrobial spectra, and cross-resistance among them is common. While in vitro studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of most strains of the following microorganisms, clinical efficacy for infections other than those included in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section has not been documented. | ||
Gram-negative Bacteria | '''Gram-negative Bacteria''' | ||
Neisseria gonorrhea | [[Neisseria gonorrhea]] | ||
Haemophilus ducreyi | [[Haemophilus ducreyi]] | ||
[[Haemophilus influenzae]] | |||
[[Yersinia pestis]] (formerly Pasteurella pestis) | |||
[[Francisella tularensis]] (formerly Pasterurella tularensis) | |||
Francisella tularensis (formerly Pasterurella tularensis) | |||
Vibrio cholera (formerly Vibrio comma) | Vibrio cholera (formerly Vibrio comma) | ||
Bartonella bacilliformis | [[Bartonella bacilliformis]] | ||
Brucella species | Brucella species | ||
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Because many strains of the following groups of gram-negative microorganisms have been shown to be resistant to tetracyclines, culture and susceptibility testing are recommended: | Because many strains of the following groups of gram-negative microorganisms have been shown to be resistant to tetracyclines, culture and susceptibility testing are recommended: | ||
Escherichia coli | [[Escherichia coli]] | ||
Klebsiella species | Klebsiella species | ||
Enterobacter aerogenes | [[Enterobacter aerogenes]] | ||
Shigella species | Shigella species | ||
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Bacteroides species | Bacteroides species | ||
Gram-positive Bacteria | '''Gram-positive Bacteria''' | ||
Because many strains of the following groups of gram-positive microorganisms have been shown to be resistant to tetracycline, culture and susceptibility testing are recommended. Up to 44 percent of strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and 74 percent of Streptococcusfaecalis have been found to be resistant to tetracycline drugs. Therefore, tetracyclines should not be used for streptococcal disease unless the organisms have been demonstrated to be susceptible. | Because many strains of the following groups of gram-positive microorganisms have been shown to be resistant to tetracycline, culture and susceptibility testing are recommended. Up to 44 percent of strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and 74 percent of Streptococcusfaecalis have been found to be resistant to tetracycline drugs. Therefore, tetracyclines should not be used for streptococcal disease unless the organisms have been demonstrated to be susceptible. | ||
Streptococcus pyogenes | [[Streptococcus pyogenes]] | ||
Streptococcus pneumoniae | [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]] | ||
Enterococcus group (Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium) | Enterococcus group (Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium) | ||
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Other Microorganisms | Other Microorganisms | ||
Chlamydia psittaci | [[Chlamydia psittaci]] | ||
Chlamydia trachomatis | [[Chlamydia trachomatis]] | ||
Ureaplasma urealyticum | [[Ureaplasma urealyticum]] | ||
Borrelia recurrentis | Borrelia recurrentis | ||
Treponema pallidum | [[Treponema pallidum]] | ||
Treponema pertenue | [[Treponema pertenue]] | ||
Clostridia species | Clostridia species | ||
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Entamoeba species | Entamoeba species | ||
Balantidium coli | [[Balantidium coli]] | ||
Susceptibility Testing | '''Susceptibility Testing''' | ||
A tetracycline disk may be used to determine microbial susceptibility to drugs in the tetracycline class. If the Kirby-Bauer method of disk susceptibility testing is used, a 30 mcg tetracycline disk should give a zone of at least 19 mm when tested against a tetracycline susceptible bacterial strain. Microorganisms may be considered susceptible if the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) is not more than 4 mcg/mL and intermediate if the MIC is 4 to 12.5 mcg/mL.<ref name="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = TETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE CAPSULE [HERITAGE PHARMACEUTICALS INC.] | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=eaa5b1bd-0927-46e4-b941-32fcc492d258 | publisher = | date = | accessdate}}</ref> | A tetracycline disk may be used to determine microbial susceptibility to drugs in the tetracycline class. If the Kirby-Bauer method of disk susceptibility testing is used, a 30 mcg tetracycline disk should give a zone of at least 19 mm when tested against a tetracycline susceptible bacterial strain. Microorganisms may be considered susceptible if the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) is not more than 4 mcg/mL and intermediate if the MIC is 4 to 12.5 mcg/mL.<ref name="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = TETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE CAPSULE [HERITAGE PHARMACEUTICALS INC.] | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=eaa5b1bd-0927-46e4-b941-32fcc492d258 | publisher = | date = | accessdate}}</ref> | ||
Latest revision as of 07:30, 9 January 2014
| Tetracycline hydrochloride |
|---|
| TETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE® FDA Package Insert |
| Description |
| Clinical Pharmacology |
| Microbiology |
| Indications and Usage |
| Contraindications |
| Warnings and Precautions |
| Adverse Reactions |
| Overdosage |
| Dosage and Administration |
| How Supplied |
| Labels and Packages |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamed Moubarak, M.D. [2]
Microbiology
Tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic and exert their antimicrobial effect by the inhibition of protein synthesis. Tetracycline is active against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. The drugs in the tetracycline class have closely similar antimicrobial spectra, and cross-resistance among them is common. While in vitro studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of most strains of the following microorganisms, clinical efficacy for infections other than those included in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section has not been documented.
Gram-negative Bacteria
Haemophilus ducreyi Haemophilus influenzae
Yersinia pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis)
Francisella tularensis (formerly Pasterurella tularensis)
Vibrio cholera (formerly Vibrio comma)
Brucella species
Because many strains of the following groups of gram-negative microorganisms have been shown to be resistant to tetracyclines, culture and susceptibility testing are recommended:
Klebsiella species
Shigella species
Acinetobacter species (formerly Mima species and Herellea species)
Bacteroides species
Gram-positive Bacteria
Because many strains of the following groups of gram-positive microorganisms have been shown to be resistant to tetracycline, culture and susceptibility testing are recommended. Up to 44 percent of strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and 74 percent of Streptococcusfaecalis have been found to be resistant to tetracycline drugs. Therefore, tetracyclines should not be used for streptococcal disease unless the organisms have been demonstrated to be susceptible.
Enterococcus group (Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium)
Alpha-hemolytic Streptococci (viridans group)
Other Microorganisms
Borrelia recurrentis
Clostridia species
Fusobacterium fusiforme
Actinomyces species
Bacillus anthraxis
Propionibacterium acnes
Entamoeba species
Susceptibility Testing
A tetracycline disk may be used to determine microbial susceptibility to drugs in the tetracycline class. If the Kirby-Bauer method of disk susceptibility testing is used, a 30 mcg tetracycline disk should give a zone of at least 19 mm when tested against a tetracycline susceptible bacterial strain. Microorganisms may be considered susceptible if the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) is not more than 4 mcg/mL and intermediate if the MIC is 4 to 12.5 mcg/mL.[1]
References
- ↑ "TETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE CAPSULE [HERITAGE PHARMACEUTICALS INC.]". Text " accessdate" ignored (help)
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.