Sandbox vidit3

Drug	Adult dosage
Inhaled Short Acting β Agonists (SABA)
Albuterol/Bitolterol/Pirbuterol a) Nebulizer solution b) MDI	♦ 2.5-5 mg every 20 minutes for 3 doses, then 2.5-10 mg every 1-4 hours as needed or 10-15 mg/hour continuously. ♦ 4-8 puffs every 20 mins upto 4 hours, then every 1-4 hours as needed.
Levalbuterol a) Nebulizer solution b) MDI	♦ 1.25-2.5 mg every 20 mins for 3 doses, then 1.25-5 mg every 1-4 hours as needed. ♦ 4-8 puffs every 20 mins upto 4 hours, then every 1-4 hours as needed.
Anticholinergics
Ipratropium bromide a) Nebulizer solution b) MDI	♦ 0.5 mg every 20 mins for 3 doses, then as needed. ♦ 8 puffs every 20 mins as needed for upto 3 hours.
Ipratropium with albuterol a) Nebulizer solution (each 3 ml containing 0.5 mg ipratropium and 2.5 mg albuterol) b) MDI (each puff contains 18 mcg ipratropium and 90 mcg albuterol)	♦ 3 ml every 20 mins for 3 doses, then as needed. ♦ 8 puffs every 20 mins as needed for 3 hours
Systemic corticosteroids
Prednisone/Prednisolone/Methylprednisolone	♦ 40-80 mg/day in 1 or 2 divided doses until peak expiratory flowrate (PEF) reaches 70% of personal best.

Clinical course	Unstable
Physical examination	Signs of heart failure
Functional class	IV
6MWD	Less than 400 m
Echocardiogram	RV Enlargement
Hemodynamics	RAP high CI low
BNP	Elevated/Increasing
Treatment	Intravenous prostacyclin and/or combination treatment
Frequency of evaluation	Q 1 to Q 3 months
FC assessment	Every clinic visit
6MWT	Every clinic visit
Echocardiogram2	Q 6 to Q 12 months/center dependent
BNP	center dependent
RHC	Q 6 to Q 12 months or clinical deterioration

Management

Characterize the symptoms: Fever Hypothermia Altered mental status Mottling Ileus oliguria

Examine the patient: Tachycardia Tachypnea Edema Hyperglycemia Hypotension after an initial 30 ml/Kg bolus Decreased capillary refill

Order labs: Random blood sugar (RBS) Complete blood count (CBC) Plasma C reactie protein (CRP) Plasma procalcitonin Pulse oximetry Urinalysis/Renal function tests PT/INR Liver function tests Serum lactate Central venous pressure (CVP)

Consider alternative diagnosis: Infections Acute pancreatitis Diabetic ketoacidosis Lower gastrointestinal bleeding Myocardial infarction

Initial resuscitation: Goals to achieve in first 6 hours CVP 8-12 mm Hg Mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥ 65 mm Hg Urine output ≥ 0/5 mL/Kg/hr Central venous O2 sat. 70%

Diangosis: 2 sets of blood cultures (aerobic and anaerobic) atleast, before starting antibiotics Drawn percutaneously Drawn through each vascular access device present for > 48 hours 1,3 beta-D_glucan assay, mannan, anti-mannan antibody assay if available Imaging studies as appropriate to locate a source

Antimicrobial therapy: Initiate within 1st hour of diagnosis Daily reassessment of regimen Low procalitonin level for prognosis Usual duration of therapy 10 days Longer in neutropenics, slow responders, undrainable foci, immunologically compromised

Choice of antibiotics

Unknown organism Empiric therapy with broad spectrum antbiotic with good tissue penetrance

Neutropenic pt with severe sepsis (goal is to cover Acinetobacter & Pseudomonas spp) Use combination empirical therapy

Severe infections + resp failure + septic shock Extended spectrum beta lactam and aminoglycoside/fluoroquinolone

Streptococcus pneumoniae Beta lactam + macrolide

Culture specific organism Shift to appropriate anti-bacterial, antiviral or antifungal

Remove source/foci of infection: Use minimally invasive process Source removal best done in first 12 hours Remove intravascular access devices if they are a possible source Oral chlorhexidine gluconate to reduce oral contamination as a risk factor for ventilator associated pneumonia

Hemodynamic support Fluid therapy: Administer crystalloids, albumin when demand for fluids is too high Use dynamic variables (change in pulse pressure, stroke volume) and static variables (arterial pressure,heart rate) to assess status Vasopressors (to achieve target MAP 65 mm Hg): Place arterial line as soon as feasible Administer norepinephrine as 1st choice drug Use epinephrine - when additional agent needed Use vasopressin 0.03 units/minute to raise MAP or decrease norepinephrine usage Selective dopamine (absolute or relative bradycardia) and phenyephrine usage Inotropic therapy: Trial of dobutamine infusion 20 μg/Kg if cardiac output low with elevated cardiac filling pressure

Corticosteroids: Use continuous flow IV hydrocortisone 200 mg/day if shock doesn’t improve with fluids & vasopressor Taper when vasopressors no longer required

Blood products: Transfuse blood when hemoglobin < 7.0 g/dL Transfuse platelets if < 10,000/mm3 or < 20,000/mm3 in those with high risk

Mechanical ventilation for sepsis induced ARDS Target tidal volume of 6 mL/Kg Target plateau pressure ≤ 30 mm Hg Use PEEP (positive end expiratory pressure) to avoid alveolar collapse Raise patients bed to 30-45° Attempt weaning when all foll criteria are met: Pt arousable Hemodynamics stable No new complications Low ventilatory/fiO2 requirements Extubate when weaning successful

Other supportive therapy Sedation & neuromuscular blockade: Use minimal sedation/neuromuscular blockade in mechanically ventilated patients Glucose control: Blood glucose target value should be ≤ 180 mg/dL Use insulin infusion and 1-2 hourly monitoring to achieve target Renal replaement therapy: May be used for management of fluid balance in hemodynamically unstable patients Use for septic patients with acute renal failure DVT prophylaxis: Do pharmacoprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), if no contraindications present Use pneumatic compression devices whenever possible Stress ulcer prophylaxis Consider prophylaxis if risk factors are present Feeding: Enteral & oral feeding preferred over total parenteral feeding (TPN) Adjust calorie requirement in subsequent days, as tolerated Goals of care: Discuss goals or care, patient aspirations and future directives with family with 72 hours of admission

Characterize the symptoms: ❑ Nausea and vomiting ❑ Headache ❑ Confusion ❑ Lethargy, fatigue, loss of appetite ❑ Restlessness and irritability ❑ Muscle weakness/spasms/cramps ❑ Seizures ❑ Decreased consciousness or coma. Na+ < 115 meq/L: Hyponatremic encephalopathy ❑ Symptoms mentioned above plus ❑ Brain stem compression ❑ Respiratory arrest ❑ Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Examine the patient: ❑ Orthostatic vital signs - orthostatic hypotension ❑ Mental status examination - low score ❑ Jugular venous pressure ↑/↓ ❑ Peripheral edema

Check labs: ❑ Plasma osmolality ❑ Urine osmolality ❑ Urinary sodium concentration ❑ Serum uric acid/Creatinine ❑ TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) ❑ Serum cortisol level ❑ Serum proteins/triglyceride ❑ Random blood sugar

Consider alternative diagnosis: ❑ Adrenal Crisis ❑ Alcoholism ❑ Hypothyroidism ❑ Pulmonary/cardiogenic edema

Plasma osmolality

280-295 mOsm/kg - Isotonic hyponatremia

< 280 mOsm/kg - Hypotonic hyponatremia

> 295 mOsm/kg - Hypertonic hypernatremia

Pseudohyponatremia

Assess volume status

Hyperglycemia Mannitol infusion

Hypovolemia

Euvolemia

Hypervolemia

Urine sodium levels

Urine sodium levels

Urine sodium levels

>20 mEq/L

≤ 20 mEq/L

>20 mEq/L

>20 mEq/L

≤ 20 mEq/L

Cerebral salt wasting syndrome Adrenal failure

Vomiting & diarrhea treated with free water replacement

SIADH Exercise associated hyponatremia Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis Glucocorticoid def. Hypothyroidism Low solute intake

Acute kidney injury

Cirrhosis Heart failure