Syncope resident survival guide

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Karol Gema Hernandez, M.D. [2]

Definition

Syncope is defined as a transient loss of consciousness due to cerebral hypoperfusion, characterized by a rapid onset, a short duration and a spontaneous complete recovery.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

• Hemorrhage
• Hypotension
• Hypoxia
• Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
• Ventricular arrhythmia

Common Causes

• Arrhythmia
• Medication
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Vagal stimulation
• Vertebrobasilar insufficiency

Management

Syncope in the Context of Transient LOC

Determine if there was LOC

Yes: ❑ It had a rapid onset? ❑ It was of short duration? ❑ Did the patient had a spontaneous complete recovery?

No: ❑ Cataplexy ❑ Drop attacks, falls ❑ Functional /psychogenic pseudosyncope ❑ TIA of carotid origin

No to ≥ 1: (exclude the following before proceeding with syncope evaluation) ❑ Coma ❑ Aborted SCD ❑ Epilepsy ❑ Perform neurological evaluation ❑ Perform tilt testing, preferably with concurrent EEG and video monitoring if doubt of mimicking epilepsy ❑ Metabolic disorders: ❑ Hypoglycemia ❑ Hypoxia ❑ Hyperventilation with hypocapnia ❑ Intoxication ❑ Vertebrobasilar TIA

Yes: ❑ Transient LOC

Non traumatic

Traumatic

Syncope

Seizure

Psychogenic

Diagnostic and Treatment Flowchart in Patients with Suspected Syncope

Characterize symptoms ❑ ask for activity before incident ❑ ask for position before incident (supine, sitting, standing) ❑ ask for precipitating factors (stress, exercise, warm environment) ❑ look for prodrome (diaphoresis, nausea, blurry vision) ❑ inquire about duration (< 5 sec , > 5 sec) ❑ ask for medication intake (vasodilators, diuretics)

Examine the patient: ❑supine and standing BP measurement ❑ hearth rate and breathing ❑ cardiac auscultation ❑ examine for neurological symptoms Order EKG

❑ Absence of heart disease ❑ History of recurrent syncope ❑ After unpleasant sight or smell ❑ Associated to nausea ❑ Head rotation or pressure to carotid sinsus

❑ After standing up or prolonged standing ❑ Start of new vasodepresive drug ❑ Presence of autonomic neuropathy ❑ Fall in systolic BP ≥ 20 mmHg and/or in diastolic BP of at least≥ 10 mmHg between the supine and sitting BP reading.

❑ Presence of structural hearth disease ❑ During exertion ❑ Palpitations prior to LOC ❑ Abnormal EKG findings: ❑ Bifascicular block, Wide QRS(≥ 0.12 s) ❑ Mobitz I second degree AV block ❑ Non-sustained VT , Early repolarization ❑ Pre-excited QRS complexes ❑ Long or short QT intervals ❑ Q waves (myocardial infarction)

Reflex

Orthostatic hypotension

Cardiovascular

Treatment ❑ Explain diagnosis, provide reassurance ❑ Explain risk of recurrence and avoidance of triggers ❑ Isometric PCM in patients with prodrome

Treatment ❑ Adequate hydration and salt intake ❑ midodrine or fludrocortisone as adjunctive therapy if needed

Treatment (depends on the cause of the arrhythmia): ❑ Cardiac pacing: for sinus node disease, Mobitz II AV block, BBB with positive EPS ❑ Catheter ablation: for SVT and VT in absence of structural hearth disease ❑ Antiarrhythmic drug therapy: for AF, failed catheter ablation ❑ Implantable cardioverter defibrillator: VT with heart disease, EPS induced VT in patients with previous MI, VT and inherited cardiomyopathy

Algorithms based in 2009 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope.

Do's

• Tilt testing is indicated when it is of clinical value to demonstrate susceptibility to reflex syncope to the patient.
• Tilt testing should be considered to discriminate between reflex and OH syncope.
• Perform tilt testing if psychiatric disease.
• Tilt testing may be considered for differentiating syncope with jerking movements from epilepsy.
• If syncope happened after standing up position, there should be documentation with active standing or tilt testing in order to diagnose OH.
• Perform CSM if patient >40 years with syncope of unknown aetiology after initial evaluation.
• If multiple unexplained falls; perform tilt testing.
• Consider ILR before embarking on cardiac pacing in patients with suspected or certain reflex syncope presenting with frequent or traumatic syncopal episodes.
• Evaluate neurologically if syncope is due to ANF, to evaluate underlying disease.

Don'ts

• Don't perform carotid sinus massage (CSM) in patients with previous TIA or stroke within the past 3 months and in patients with carotid sinus bruits (except if carotid sinus Doppler studies excluded significant stenosis.
• Don't use tilt testing for assessment of treatment.
• Don't perform isoproterenol tilt testing in patients with ischaemic heart disease.
• Don't use ATP test as a diagnostic test to select patients for cardiac pacing, owing to lack of correlation with spontaneous syncope,.
• Don't perform EPS if there is already indication for ICD in patients with ischemic heart with suspected arrhythmic cause.
• Don't perform EPS in patients with normal ECK, no heart disease, and no palpitations.