Somnolence: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Somnolence''' (or "'''drowsiness'''") is a state of near-[[sleep]], a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods. It has two distinct meanings, referring both to the usual state preceding falling asleep, and the chronic condition referring to being in that state independent of a [[circadian rhythm]]. The disorder characterized by the latter condition is most commonly associated with users of prescription [[hypnotics]], such as [[mirtazapine]] or [[zolpidem]]. | '''Somnolence''' (or "'''drowsiness'''") is a state of near-[[sleep]], a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods. It has two distinct meanings, referring both to the usual state preceding falling asleep, and the chronic condition referring to being in that state independent of a [[circadian rhythm]]. The disorder characterized by the latter condition is most commonly associated with users of prescription [[hypnotics]], such as [[mirtazapine]] or [[zolpidem]]. | ||
It is considered a lesser impairment of consciousness than [[stupor]] or [[coma]]. | It is considered a lesser impairment of consciousness than [[stupor]] or [[coma]]. | ||
== | ==Causes== | ||
* Advanced sleep phase disorder | * Advanced sleep phase disorder | ||
* [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome]] | * [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome]] | ||
| Line 57: | Line 54: | ||
* [[Traumatic brain injury]] | * [[Traumatic brain injury]] | ||
* [[African trypanosomiasis]] ("sleeping sickness") | * [[African trypanosomiasis]] ("sleeping sickness") | ||
==Hazards== | |||
Somnolence can be dangerous when performing tasks that require constant concentration, such as driving a [[vehicle]]. When a person is sufficiently fatigued, he or she may experience [[microsleeps]] (loss of concentration). | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 23:40, 9 March 2014
For patient information, click here
| Somnolence | |
| ICD-10 | R40.0 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 780.09 |
Template:Search infobox Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Pratik Bahekar, MBBS [2]
Overview
Somnolence (or "drowsiness") is a state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods. It has two distinct meanings, referring both to the usual state preceding falling asleep, and the chronic condition referring to being in that state independent of a circadian rhythm. The disorder characterized by the latter condition is most commonly associated with users of prescription hypnotics, such as mirtazapine or zolpidem.
It is considered a lesser impairment of consciousness than stupor or coma.
Causes
- Advanced sleep phase disorder
- Alice in Wonderland syndrome
- brain edema
- Cerebral hypoxia
- Chronic fatigue syndrome
- Clinical depression, especially seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
- Dehydration
- Delayed sleep phase syndrome
- Diabetic ketoacidosis as example, but not balanced diabetes mellitus
- Encephalitis – (viral, bacterial or other agents)
- Epilepsy – after seizure
- Fibromyalgia
- Hydrocephalus
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypothermia
- Hypothyroidism
- Idiopathic hypersomnia
- Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
- Intracranial hemorrhage such as due to ruptured aneurysm
- Increased intracranial pressure; for example, due to brain tumors
- Lyme disease (borreliosis)
- Medications
- Analgesics: mostly prescribed or illicit opiates such as oxycontin or heroin
- Antiepileptics such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, gabapentin
- Antidepressants: for instance sedating tricyclic antidepressants[1] and mirtazapine. Somnolence is less common with SSRI[2] and SNRI as well as MAOI.
- Antihistamines: diphenhydramine and doxylamine
- Antipsychotics: thioridazine, quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone but not haloperidol
- Dopamine agonists used in the treatment of parkinson's disease e.g. pergolide, ropinirole and pramipexole.
- HIV medications for example, efavirenz
- Antihypertensive medications like amlodipine
- Hypnotics like zopiclone, or the benzodiazepine such as diazepam or nitrazepam and the barbiturate, such as amobarbital or secobarbital
- other agents impacting the central nervous system in sufficient or toxic doses,
- Narcolepsy
- Sleep apnea
- Insomnia
- Starvation
- Stroke
- Traumatic brain injury
- African trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness")
Hazards
Somnolence can be dangerous when performing tasks that require constant concentration, such as driving a vehicle. When a person is sufficiently fatigued, he or she may experience microsleeps (loss of concentration).
See also
- Chronic fatigue syndrome
- Fibromyalgia
- Insomnia
- Hypersomnia
- Dyssomnia
- Fatigue (physical)
- Restless legs syndrome
References
- ↑ Zimmermann C, Pfeiffer H (January 2007). "[Sleep disorders in depression. Suggestions for a therapeutic approach]". Nervenarzt (in German). 78 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1007/s00115-006-2111-1. PMID 16832696.
- ↑ Watanabe N, Omori IM, Nakagawa A; et al. (2011). "Mirtazapine versus other antidepressive agents for depression". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12): CD006528. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006528.pub2. PMID 22161405.
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