Left lower quadrant abdominal pain resident survival guide

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby, M.D. [2], Amr Marawan, M.D. [3]

Overview

The left lower quadrant (abbreviated LLQ) of the human abdomen is the area left of the midline and below the umbilicus. The abdomen is divided into quadrants by doctors to localize pain and tenderness, scars, lumps and other items of interest. It includes the left iliac fossa and half of the left flank region.

Causes

• Adnexal pathology (cyst or tumor that caused torsion, bleeding or rupture)
• Colon cancer (descending colon and sigmoid)
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Endometriosis
• Endometritis
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Hernia
• Leiomyomas
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Sigmoid colon polyps
• Sigmoid volvulus
• Sigmoid obstruction or gas accumulation
• Testicular torsion

Do's

• Start the approach to acute abdominal pain by rapid assessment of the patient using the pneumonic "ABC:" airway, breathing and circulation, to identify unstable patients.
• Consider abdominal aortic aneurysm, mesenteric ischemia and malignancy in patients above 50 years as it is much less likely for younger patients.
• Perform pelvic and testicular examination in patients with low abdominal pain.
• Re-examine patients at high risk who were initially diagnosed with pain of unclear etiology.
• Taking careful history, characterizing the pain precisely and thorough physical examination is crucial for creating narrow differential diagnosis.
• Correlate the CD4 count in HIV positive patients with the most commonly occurring pathology.
• Order a pregnancy test before proceeding with a CT scan in females in the child bearing age.
• Order an ultrasound or magnetic resonance among pregnant females to avoid exposure to radiation. In case the previous tests were inconclusive and appendicitis is suspected, the next step in the management includes proceeding with either laparoscopy or limited CT scan.
• Consider peritonitis with cervical motion tenderness as it isn't specific for pelvic inflammatory disease.
• Suspect abdominal aortic aneurysm in old patients presenting with abdominal pain with history of tobacco use.
• Suspect acute mesenteric ischemia or acute pancreatitis in patients presenting with poorly localized pain out of proportion to physical findings.
• Recommend initial imaging studies based on the location of abdominal pain:

• Ultrasonography is recommended when a patient presents with right upper quadrant pain.
• Computed tomography (CT) with intravenous contrast media is recommended for evaluating adults with acute right lower quadrant pain.
• CT with oral and intravenous contrast media is recommended for patients with left lower quadrant pain.

• Order ECG for old patients with upper abdominal pain with high cardiac risk factors.
• Administer narcotic analgesia for patients who present to the ED with moderate or severe abdominal pain.
• Perform diagnostic paracentesis (cell count, differential count, gram stain, culture, bilirubin and albumin) in patients with ascites and abdominal pain to rule out spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

Don'ts

• Fail to evaluate elder patients in the presence of overt clinical signs.
• Over rely on laboratory tests, they are only used as adjuncts.
• Do not delay the initial intervention.
• Do not order blood cultures routinely in all patients
• Don’t delay resuscitation or surgical consultation for ill patient while waiting for imaging.
• Don’t restrict the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain based on the location; for example, right-sided structures may refer pain to the left abdomen.