Adenosine: Difference between revisions
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*[[Sinus node disease]], such as [[sick sinus syndrome]] or symptomatic [[bradycardia]] (except in patients with a functioning [[artificial pacemaker]]). | *[[Sinus node disease]], such as [[sick sinus syndrome]] or symptomatic [[bradycardia]] (except in patients with a functioning [[artificial pacemaker]]). | ||
*Known [[hypersensitivity]] to adenosine. | *Known [[hypersensitivity]] to adenosine. | ||
|warnings====== | |warnings======[[Heart Block]]===== | ||
*Adenosine [[injection]] exerts its effect by decreasing conduction through the [[A-V node]] and may produce a short lasting [[first degree AV block|first]]-, [[second degree AV block|second]]- or [[third degree AV block|third-degree heart block]]. Appropriate therapy should be instituted as needed. Patients who develop high-level block on one dose of adenosine should not be given additional doses. Because of the very short [[half-life]] of adenosine, these effects are generally self-limiting. Appropriate [[resuscitative]] measures should be available. | |||
*Transient or prolonged episodes of [[asystole]] have been reported with fatal outcomes in some cases. Rarely, [[ventricular fibrillation]] has been reported following adenosine administration, including both [[resuscitated]] and fatal events. In most instances, these cases were associated with the concomitant use of [[digoxin]] and, less frequently with [[digoxin]] and [[verapamil]]. Although no causal relationship or drug-drug interaction has been established, adenosine should be used with caution in patients receiving [[digoxin]] or [[digoxin]] and [[verapamil]] in combination. | |||
=====[[Arrhythmia]]s at Time of Conversion===== | |||
*At the time of conversion to normal [[sinus rhythm]], a variety of new rhythms may appear on the [[electrocardiogram]]. They generally last only a few seconds without intervention, and may take the form of [premature ventricular contraction]]s, [[atrial premature contraction]]s, [[atrial fibrillation]], [[sinus bradycardia]], [[sinus tachycardia]], skipped beats, and varying degrees of [[A-V nodal block]]. Such findings were seen in 55% of patients. | |||
=====[[Bronchoconstriction]]===== | |||
*Adenosine is a [[respiratory stimulant]] (probably through activation of [[carotid body chemoreceptor]]s) and [[intravenous]] administration in man has been shown to increase [[minute ventilation]] (Ve) and reduce arterial PCO2 causing [[respiratory alkalosis]]. | |||
*Adenosine administered by [[inhalation]] has been reported to cause [[bronchoconstriction]] in [[asthma]]tic patients, presumably due to [[mast cell]] [[degranulation]] and [[histamine]] release. These effects have not been observed in normal subjects. Adenosine has been administered to a limited number of patients with [[asthma]] and mild to moderate exacerbation of their symptoms has been reported. [[Respiratory]] compromise has occurred during adenosine infusion in patients with [[obstructive pulmonary disease]]. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with [[obstructive lung disease]] not associated with [[bronchoconstriction]] (e.g., [[emphysema]], [[bronchitis]], etc.) and should be avoided in patients with [[bronchoconstriction]] or [[bronchospasm]] (e.g., [[asthma]]). Adenosine should be discontinued in any patient who develops severe [[respiratory]] difficulties. | |||
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Revision as of 04:40, 13 May 2014
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shankar Kumar, MBBS [2]
Disclaimer
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Overview
Adenosine is an Antiarrhythmic that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). Common adverse reactions include facial flushing (18%), shortness of breath/ dyspnea (12%), chest pressure (7%), and nausea (3%).
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
- Dosing Information
For rapid bolus intravenous use only. Adenosine injection should be given as a rapid bolus by the peripheral intravenous route. To be certain the solution reaches the systemic circulation, it should be administered either directly into a vein or, if given into an IV line, it should be given as close to the patient as possible and followed by a rapid saline flush.
- Initial dose: Adenosine 6 mg given as a rapid intravenous bolus (administered over a 1 to 2 second period).
- Repeat administration: If the first dose does not result in elimination of the supraventricular tachycardia within 1 to 2 minutes, Adenosine 12 mg should be given as a rapid intravenous bolus. This 12 mg dose may be repeated a second time if required.
Doses greater than 12 mg are not recommended for adult patients.
NOTE: Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Guideline-Supported Use
Condition 1
- Developed by: (Organisation)
- Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
- Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
- Dosing Information/Recommendation
- (Dosage)
Condition 2
- Developed by: (Organisation)
- Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
- Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
- Dosing Information/Recommendation
- (Dosage)
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
Condition 1
- Dosing Information
- (Dosage)
Condition 2
- Dosing Information
- (Dosage)
Condition 3
- Dosing Information
- (Dosage)
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
- Dosing Information
The dosages used in neonates, infants, children and adolescents were equivalent to those administered to adults on a weight basis.
Pediatric Patients with a Body Weight < 50 kg:
- Initial dose: Give Adenosine 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg as a rapid IV bolus given either centrally or peripherally. A saline flush should follow.
- Repeat administration: If conversion of PSVT does not occur within 1 to 2 minutes, additional bolus injections of adenosine can be administered at incrementally higher doses, increasing the amount given by 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg. Follow each bolus with a saline flush. This process should continue until sinus rhythm is established or a maximum single dose of 0.3 mg/kg is used.
Pediatric Patients with a Body Weight ≥ 50 kg:
- Administer the adult dose.
Doses greater than 12 mg are not recommended for pediatric patients.
NOTE: Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Guideline-Supported Use
Condition 1
- Developed by: (Organisation)
- Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
- Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
- Dosing Information/Recommendation
- (Dosage)
Condition 2
- Developed by: (Organisation)
- Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
- Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
- Dosing Information/Recommendation
- (Dosage)
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
Condition 1
- Dosing Information
- (Dosage)
Condition 2
- Dosing Information
- (Dosage)
Condition 3
- Dosing Information
- (Dosage)
Contraindications
- Second- or third-degree A-V block (except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker).
- Sinus node disease, such as sick sinus syndrome or symptomatic bradycardia (except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker).
- Known hypersensitivity to adenosine.
Warnings
Heart Block
- Adenosine injection exerts its effect by decreasing conduction through the A-V node and may produce a short lasting first-, second- or third-degree heart block. Appropriate therapy should be instituted as needed. Patients who develop high-level block on one dose of adenosine should not be given additional doses. Because of the very short half-life of adenosine, these effects are generally self-limiting. Appropriate resuscitative measures should be available.
- Transient or prolonged episodes of asystole have been reported with fatal outcomes in some cases. Rarely, ventricular fibrillation has been reported following adenosine administration, including both resuscitated and fatal events. In most instances, these cases were associated with the concomitant use of digoxin and, less frequently with digoxin and verapamil. Although no causal relationship or drug-drug interaction has been established, adenosine should be used with caution in patients receiving digoxin or digoxin and verapamil in combination.
Arrhythmias at Time of Conversion
- At the time of conversion to normal sinus rhythm, a variety of new rhythms may appear on the electrocardiogram. They generally last only a few seconds without intervention, and may take the form of [premature ventricular contraction]]s, atrial premature contractions, atrial fibrillation, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, skipped beats, and varying degrees of A-V nodal block. Such findings were seen in 55% of patients.
Bronchoconstriction
- Adenosine is a respiratory stimulant (probably through activation of carotid body chemoreceptors) and intravenous administration in man has been shown to increase minute ventilation (Ve) and reduce arterial PCO2 causing respiratory alkalosis.
- Adenosine administered by inhalation has been reported to cause bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients, presumably due to mast cell degranulation and histamine release. These effects have not been observed in normal subjects. Adenosine has been administered to a limited number of patients with asthma and mild to moderate exacerbation of their symptoms has been reported. Respiratory compromise has occurred during adenosine infusion in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung disease not associated with bronchoconstriction (e.g., emphysema, bronchitis, etc.) and should be avoided in patients with bronchoconstriction or bronchospasm (e.g., asthma). Adenosine should be discontinued in any patient who develops severe respiratory difficulties.
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
Central Nervous System
- (list/description of adverse reactions)
Cardiovascular
- (list/description of adverse reactions)
Respiratory
- (list/description of adverse reactions)
Gastrointestinal
- (list/description of adverse reactions)
Hypersensitive Reactions
- (list/description of adverse reactions)
Miscellaneous
- (list/description of adverse reactions)
Condition 2
Central Nervous System
- (list/description of adverse reactions)
Cardiovascular
- (list/description of adverse reactions)
Respiratory
- (list/description of adverse reactions)
Gastrointestinal
- (list/description of adverse reactions)
Hypersensitive Reactions
- (list/description of adverse reactions)
Miscellaneous
- (list/description of adverse reactions)
Postmarketing Experience
(Description)
Drug Interactions
- Drug 1
- Drug 2
- Drug 3
- Drug 4
- Drug 5
Drug 1
(Description)
Drug 2
(Description)
Drug 3
(Description)
Drug 4
(Description)
Drug 5
(Description)
Use in Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category (FDA):
(Description)
Pregnancy Category (AUS):
(Description)
Labor and Delivery
(Description)
Nursing Mothers
(Description)
Pediatric Use
(Description)
Geriatic Use
(Description)
Gender
(Description)
Race
(Description)
Renal Impairment
(Description)
Hepatic Impairment
(Description)
Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
(Description)
Immunocompromised Patients
(Description)
Others
(Description)
Administration and Monitoring
Administration
(Oral/Intravenous/etc)
Monitoring
Condition 1
(Description regarding monitoring, from Warnings section)
Condition 2
(Description regarding monitoring, from Warnings section)
Condition 3
(Description regarding monitoring, from Warnings section)
IV Compatibility
Solution
Compatible
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Not Tested
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Variable
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Incompatible
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Y-Site
Compatible
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Not Tested
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Variable
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Incompatible
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Admixture
Compatible
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Not Tested
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Variable
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Incompatible
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Syringe
Compatible
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Not Tested
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Variable
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Incompatible
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
TPN/TNA
Compatible
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Not Tested
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Variable
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Incompatible
- Solution 1
- Solution 2
- Solution 3
Overdosage
Acute Overdose
Signs and Symptoms
(Description)
Management
(Description)
Chronic Overdose
Signs and Symptoms
(Description)
Management
(Description)
Pharmacology
| |
Adenosine
| |
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| ? | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | ? |
| ATC code | ? |
| PubChem | ? |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | ? |
| Mol. mass | ? |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Metabolism | ? |
| Half life | ? |
| Excretion | ? |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
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| Legal status | |
| Routes | ? |
Mechanism of Action
(Description)
Structure
(Description with picture)
Pharmacodynamics
(Description)
Pharmacokinetics
(Description)
Nonclinical Toxicology
(Description)
Clinical Studies
Condition 1
(Description)
Condition 2
(Description)
Condition 3
(Description)
How Supplied
(Description)
Storage
There is limited information regarding Adenosine Storage in the drug label.
Images
Drug Images
{{#ask: Page Name::Adenosine |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}
Package and Label Display Panel
{{#ask: Label Page::Adenosine |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}
Patient Counseling Information
(Patient Counseling Information)
Precautions with Alcohol
Alcohol-Adenosine interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
Brand Names
There is limited information regarding Adenosine Brand Names in the drug label.
Look-Alike Drug Names
- (Paired Confused Name 1a) — (Paired Confused Name 1b)
- (Paired Confused Name 2a) — (Paired Confused Name 2b)
- (Paired Confused Name 3a) — (Paired Confused Name 3b)
Drug Shortage Status
Price
References
The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.
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