Leprosy risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
The people with higher risk of acquiring leprosy include: | The people with higher risk of acquiring leprosy include: | ||
* Close contacts of leprosy patients<ref name="pmid10472363">{{cite journal| author=van Beers SM, Hatta M, Klatser PR| title=Patient contact is the major determinant in incident leprosy: implications for future control. | journal=Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 119-28 | pmid=10472363 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10472363 }} </ref> | * Close contacts of leprosy patients.<ref name="pmid10472363">{{cite journal| author=van Beers SM, Hatta M, Klatser PR| title=Patient contact is the major determinant in incident leprosy: implications for future control. | journal=Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 119-28 | pmid=10472363 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10472363 }} </ref> | ||
* Type of leprosy of the contact - according to some studies, ''lepromatous leprosy'' patients have higher risk of transmitting the disease.<ref name="pmid10472363">{{cite journal| author=van Beers SM, Hatta M, Klatser PR| title=Patient contact is the major determinant in incident leprosy: implications for future control. | journal=Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 119-28 | pmid=10472363 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10472363 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11826475">{{cite journal| author=Eiglmeier K, Parkhill J, Honoré N, Garnier T, Tekaia F, Telenti A et al.| title=The decaying genome of Mycobacterium leprae. | journal=Lepr Rev | year= 2001 | volume= 72 | issue= 4 | pages= 387-98 | pmid=11826475 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11826475 }} </ref> | |||
* At highest risk are those living in endemic areas with poor conditions such as inadequate bedding, contaminated water and insufficient diet, or other diseases (such as [[HIV]]) that compromise immune function. Recent research suggests that there is a defect in cell-mediated immunity that causes susceptibility to the disease. Less than ten percent of the world's population are actually capable of acquiring the disease. The region of [[DNA]] responsible for this variability is also involved in [[Parkinson's disease]], giving rise to current speculation that the two disorders may be linked in some way at the [[biochemistry|biochemical]] level. Professional studies show little evidence that [[HIV]] is an important factor in increasing the risk of leprosy infection,<ref>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1104977-clinical#a0218 Lewis, F. S. et al. ; Dermatologic Manifestations of Leprosy Clinical Presentation]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pönnighaus |first=J. K. |last2=''et al.'' |title=Is HIV Infection a Risk Factor for Leprosy? |journal=International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases |year=1994 |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=610–613 |doi= |pmid=2071978 }}</ref> but the potential is under active review.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Batista |first=M. D. |last2=''et al.'' |title=Leprosy reversal reaction as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients with AIDS |journal=Clin Infect Dis |year=2008 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=e56-60 |issn=1537-6591 |doi=10.1086/528864 |pmid=18269334 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Menezes |first=V. M. |last2=Sales |first2=A. M. |last3=Illarramendi |first3=X. |last4=''et al.'' |title=Leprosy reaction as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a case series of a Brazilian cohort |journal=AIDS |year=2009 |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=641-643 |doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283291405 |pmid=19525622 }}</ref> | * At highest risk are those living in endemic areas with poor conditions such as inadequate bedding, contaminated water and insufficient diet, or other diseases (such as [[HIV]]) that compromise immune function. Recent research suggests that there is a defect in cell-mediated immunity that causes susceptibility to the disease. Less than ten percent of the world's population are actually capable of acquiring the disease. The region of [[DNA]] responsible for this variability is also involved in [[Parkinson's disease]], giving rise to current speculation that the two disorders may be linked in some way at the [[biochemistry|biochemical]] level. Professional studies show little evidence that [[HIV]] is an important factor in increasing the risk of leprosy infection,<ref>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1104977-clinical#a0218 Lewis, F. S. et al. ; Dermatologic Manifestations of Leprosy Clinical Presentation]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pönnighaus |first=J. K. |last2=''et al.'' |title=Is HIV Infection a Risk Factor for Leprosy? |journal=International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases |year=1994 |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=610–613 |doi= |pmid=2071978 }}</ref> but the potential is under active review.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Batista |first=M. D. |last2=''et al.'' |title=Leprosy reversal reaction as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients with AIDS |journal=Clin Infect Dis |year=2008 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=e56-60 |issn=1537-6591 |doi=10.1086/528864 |pmid=18269334 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Menezes |first=V. M. |last2=Sales |first2=A. M. |last3=Illarramendi |first3=X. |last4=''et al.'' |title=Leprosy reaction as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a case series of a Brazilian cohort |journal=AIDS |year=2009 |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=641-643 |doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283291405 |pmid=19525622 }}</ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Overview
Close contacts of patients with untreated, active multibacillary disease are at highest risk of acquiring leprosy. Children are more susceptible than adults to contracting the disease.
Risk Factors
The people with higher risk of acquiring leprosy include:
- Close contacts of leprosy patients.[1]
- Type of leprosy of the contact - according to some studies, lepromatous leprosy patients have higher risk of transmitting the disease.[1][2]
- At highest risk are those living in endemic areas with poor conditions such as inadequate bedding, contaminated water and insufficient diet, or other diseases (such as HIV) that compromise immune function. Recent research suggests that there is a defect in cell-mediated immunity that causes susceptibility to the disease. Less than ten percent of the world's population are actually capable of acquiring the disease. The region of DNA responsible for this variability is also involved in Parkinson's disease, giving rise to current speculation that the two disorders may be linked in some way at the biochemical level. Professional studies show little evidence that HIV is an important factor in increasing the risk of leprosy infection,[3][4] but the potential is under active review.[5][6]
- In addition, men are twice as likely to contract leprosy as women.
- Close contacts with patients with untreated, active, predominantly multibacillary disease.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 van Beers SM, Hatta M, Klatser PR (1999). "Patient contact is the major determinant in incident leprosy: implications for future control". Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 67 (2): 119–28. PMID 10472363.
- ↑ Eiglmeier K, Parkhill J, Honoré N, Garnier T, Tekaia F, Telenti A; et al. (2001). "The decaying genome of Mycobacterium leprae". Lepr Rev. 72 (4): 387–98. PMID 11826475.
- ↑ Lewis, F. S. et al. ; Dermatologic Manifestations of Leprosy Clinical Presentation
- ↑ Pönnighaus, J. K.; et al. (1994). "Is HIV Infection a Risk Factor for Leprosy?". International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases. 62 (4): 610–613. PMID 2071978.
- ↑ Batista, M. D.; et al. (2008). "Leprosy reversal reaction as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients with AIDS". Clin Infect Dis. 46 (6): e56–60. doi:10.1086/528864. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 18269334.
- ↑ Menezes, V. M.; Sales, A. M.; Illarramendi, X.; et al. (2009). "Leprosy reaction as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a case series of a Brazilian cohort". AIDS. 23 (5): 641–643. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283291405. PMID 19525622.