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{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
__NOTOC__
|authorTag={{Alonso}}
{{Nadolol}}
|genericName=Metoprolol tartrate
|aOrAn=a
|drugClass=anti-[[angina|anginal]], [[antiarrhythmic]], [[beta-adrenergic blocker]]
|indication=[[acute myocardial infarction|acute myocardial infarction (AMI)]]
|adverseReactions=[[bradyarrhythmia]], [[constipation]], [[depression]], [[diarrhea]], [[dizziness]], [[dyspnea]], [[fatigue]], [[headache]], [[heart block]], [[heart failure]], [[hypotension]], [[indigestion]], [[nausea]], [[pruritus]], [[rash]], and [[wheezing]]
|blackBoxWarningTitle=Warning Title
|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">Condition Name:</span></i> (Content)
|fdaLIADAdult======Hypertension=====


* Dosing Information
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AZ}}


:* Individualize the dosage of Lopressor tablets. Lopressor tablets should be taken with or immediately following meals.
'''''For patient information about Nadolol, click [[Nadolol (patient information)|here]].'''''
:* The usual initial dosage of Lopressor tablets is 100 mg daily in single or divided doses, whether used alone or added to a diuretic. Increase the dosage at weekly (or longer) intervals until optimum [[blood pressure]] reduction is achieved. In general, the maximum effect of any given dosage level will be apparent after 1 week of therapy. The effective dosage range of Lopressor tablets is 100-450 mg per day. Dosages above 450 mg per day have not been studied. While once-daily dosing is effective and can maintain a reduction in [[blood pressure]] throughout the day, lower doses (especially 100 mg) may not maintain a full effect at the end of the 24-hour period, and larger or more frequent daily doses may be required. This can be evaluated by measuring [[blood pressure]] near the end of the dosing interval to determine whether satisfactory control is being maintained throughout the day. Beta1 selectivity diminishes as the dose of Lopressor is increased.


=====Angina Pectoris=====
{{SB}} CORGARD<sup>®</sup>


* Dosing Information
==Overview==


:* The dosage of Lopressor tablets should be individualized. Lopressor tablets should be taken with or immediately following meals.
'''Nadolol''' ('''Corgard''', '''Anabet''', '''Solgol''', '''Corzide''', '''Alti-Nadolol''', '''Apo-Nadol''', '''Novo-Nadolol''') is a non-selective [[beta blocker]] used in the treatment of [[hypertension|high blood pressure]] and [[angina pectoris|chest pain]] (its only [[FDA]] approved uses).<ref name = "dfac">{{cite book | title = Drug Facts And Comparisons | edition = 2011 | publisher = Wolters Kluwer Health | location = 77 Westport Plaza, Suite 450, St. Louis, Missouri | pages = (4)775}}</ref> Additionally, it is often prescribed in the treatment of [[Migraine|migraine headaches]], [[adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]],<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=EkyTTvjNRZAC&pg=PA669&lpg=PA669&dq=Nadolol+for+ADHD&source=bl&ots=AGG0LAgDus&sig=ctayeAWE3Nkoki-_EhfeLJ2uR1I&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9a40UvX7G8nDqQHSm4HQCg&ved=0CHYQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Nadolol%20for%20ADHD&f=true</ref> [[essential tremor]], and [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=EkyTTvjNRZAC&pg=PA669&lpg=PA669&dq=Nadolol+for+ADHD&source=bl&ots=AGG0LAgDus&sig=ctayeAWE3Nkoki-_EhfeLJ2uR1I&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9a40UvX7G8nDqQHSm4HQCg&ved=0CHYQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Nadolol%20for%20ADHD&f=true</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6348587</ref><ref>http://www.drugs.com/dosage/nadolol.html#Usual_Adult_Dose_for_Parkinsonian_Tremor</ref>
:* The usual initial dosage of Lopressor tablets is 100 mg daily, given in two divided doses. gradually increase the dosage at weekly intervals until optimum clinical response has been obtained or there is pronounced slowing of the heart rate. The effective dosage range of Lopressor tablets is 100-400 mg per day. Dosages above 400 mg per day have not been studied. If treatment is to be discontinued, gradually decrease the dosage over a period of 1-2 weeks


=====Myocardial Infarction=====
==Category==


* Dosing information
Beta blockers


:* '''''Early treatment:'''''
==FDA Package Insert==
::* During the early phase of definite or suspected acute myocardial infarction, initiate treatment with Lopressor as soon as possible after the patient's arrival in the hospital. Such treatment should be initiated in a coronary care or similar unit immediately after the patient's hemodynamic condition has stabilized.
::* Begin treatment in this early phase with the intravenous administration of three bolus injections of 5 mg of Lopressor each; give the injections at approximately 2-minute intervals. During the intravenous administration of Lopressor, monitor [[blood pressure]], [[heart rate]], and [[electrocardiogram]].
::* In patients who tolerate the full intravenous dose (15 mg), initiate Lopressor tablets, 50 mg every 6 hours, 15 minutes after the last intravenous dose and continue for 48 hours. Thereafter, the maintenance dosage is 100 mg twice daily.
::* Start patients who appear not to tolerate the full intravenous dose on Lopressor tablets either 25 mg or 50 mg every 6 hours (depending on the degree of intolerance) 15 minutes after the last intravenous dose or as soon as their clinical condition allows. In patients with severe intolerance, discontinue Lopressor.
:* '''''Late treatment:''''' Start patients with contraindications to treatment during the early phase of suspected or definite [[myocardial infarction]], patients who appear not to tolerate the full early treatment, and patients in whom the physician wishes to delay therapy for any other reason on Lopressor tablets, 100 mg twice daily, as soon as their clinical condition allows. Continue therapy for at least 3 months. Although the efficacy of Lopressor beyond 3 months has not been conclusively established, data from studies with other [[beta blockers]] suggest that treatment should be continued for 1-3 years.
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport======Atrial Fibrillation, Rate Control=====


* Developed by: [[American College of Cardiology|American College of Cardiology (ACC)]] and [[American Heart Association|American Heart Association (AHA)]]
====CORGARD (nadolol) tablet====


* Class of Recommendation: [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Class I: Benefit >>> Risk|Class I]]
'''  [[Nadolol indications and usage|Indications and Usage]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol dosage and administration|Dosage and Administration]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol dosage forms and strengths|Dosage Forms and Strengths]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol contraindications|Contraindications]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol warnings and precautions|Warnings and Precautions]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol adverse reactions|Adverse Reactions]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol drug interactions|Drug Interactions]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol use in specific populations|Use in Specific Populations]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol overdosage|Overdosage]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol description|Description]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol clinical pharmacology|Clinical Pharmacology]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol nonclinical toxicology|Nonclinical Toxicology]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol clinical studies|Clinical Studies]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol how supplied storage and handling|How Supplied/Storage and Handling]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol patient counseling information|Patient Counseling Information]]'''
'''| [[Nadolol labels and packages|Labels and Packages]]'''


* Level of Evidence: [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence B:|Level B]]
==Mechanism of Action==


* Dosing Information
Nadolol is a non-selective [[beta blocker]]; that is, it non-selectively blocks both [[beta-1 receptor|beta-1]] and [[beta-2 receptor]]s. It has a preference for beta-1 receptors, which are predominantly located in the [[heart]], thereby inhibiting the effects of [[catecholamine]]s and causing a decrease in [[heart rate]] and [[blood pressure]]. Its inhibition of [[beta-2]] receptors, which are mainly located in the [[bronchus|bronchial]] [[smooth muscle]] of the [[airway]]s, leads to airway constriction similar to that seen in [[asthma]]. Inhibition of beta-1 receptors in the [[juxtaglomerular apparatus]] of the [[kidney]] inhibits the [[renin-angiotensin system]], causing a decrease in [[vasoconstriction]] and a decrease in water retention. Nadolol's inhibition of [[beta-1]] receptors in the heart and kidney leads to its effects on lowering blood pressure.


:: Acute Setting: [[Lopressor injection]] 2.5—5 mg IV bolus over 2 min; up to 3 doses<ref name="Fuster-2006">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fuster | first1 = V. | last2 = Rydén | first2 = LE. | last3 = Cannom | first3 = DS. | last4 = Crijns | first4 = HJ. | last5 = Curtis | first5 = AB. | last6 = Ellenbogen | first6 = KA. | last7 = Halperin | first7 = JL. | last8 = Le Heuzey | first8 = JY. | last9 = Kay | first9 = GN. | title = ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation-executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation). | journal = Eur Heart J | volume = 27 | issue = 16 | pages = 1979-2030 | month = Aug | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl176 | PMID = 16885201 }}</ref>
The drug impairs [[atrioventricular node|AV node]] conduction and decreases [[sinoatrial node|sinus]] rate.


In the absence of [[preexcitation]], [[intravenous]] administration of [[beta blockers]] ([[esmolol]], [[metoprolol]], or [[propranolol]]) or nondihydropyridine [[calcium channel antagonist]]s ([[verapamil]], [[diltiazem]]) is recommended to slow the ventricular response to [[atrial fibrillation]] in the acute setting, exercising caution in patients with [[hypotension]] or [[heart failure]].<ref name="Wann-2013">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Wann | first1 = LS. | last2 = Curtis | first2 = AB. | last3 = Ellenbogen | first3 = KA. | last4 = Estes | first4 = NA. | last5 = Ezekowitz | first5 = MD. | last6 = Jackman | first6 = WM. | last7 = January | first7 = CT. | last8 = Lowe | first8 = JE. | last9 = Page | first9 = RL. | title = Management of patients with atrial fibrillation (compilation of 2006 ACCF/AHA/ESC and 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. | journal = Circulation | volume = 127 | issue = 18 | pages = 1916-26 | month = May | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318290826d | PMID = 23545139 }}</ref>
Nadolol may also increase [[blood plasma|plasma]] [[triglyceride]]s and decrease [[High density lipoprotein|HDL]]-[[cholesterol]] levels.
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport======Atrial flutter=====


* Dosing Information
==Indications==


:: [[Lopressor injection]] dose range: 2—15 mg<ref name="Amsterdam-1991">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Amsterdam | first1 = EA. | last2 = Kulcyski | first2 = J. | last3 = Ridgeway | first3 = MG. | title = Efficacy of cardioselective beta-adrenergic blockade with intravenously administered metoprolol in the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. | journal = J Clin Pharmacol | volume = 31 | issue = 8 | pages = 714-8 | month = Aug | year = 1991 | doi =  | PMID = 1880230 }}</ref>
Nadolol has U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] approved indications for:
* treatment of [[hypertension]]
* long-term treatment of [[angina pectoris]].<ref name = "dfac"/>


=====Multifocal atrial tachycardia=====
==Off-label uses==


* Dosing Information
* '''Neurological disorders'''


:: [[Lopressor injection]] dose range: 2—15 mg<ref name="Amsterdam-1991">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Amsterdam | first1 = EA. | last2 = Kulcyski | first2 = J. | last3 = Ridgeway | first3 = MG. | title = Efficacy of cardioselective beta-adrenergic blockade with intravenously administered metoprolol in the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. | journal = J Clin Pharmacol | volume = 31 | issue = 8 | pages = 714-8 | month = Aug | year = 1991 | doi =  | PMID = 1880230 }}</ref>
:Nadolol is used in the treatment of a number of [[neurological disorder]]s such as [[migraine]], [[adult ADHD]], [[essential tremor]], [[Parkinson's disease]]. Prevention of migraine headaches with nadolol is well documented.<ref name = "dfac"/>


=====Supraventricular Tachycardia=====
:A case report study from Harvard Medical School, published in 1991, described three adult patients with [[ADHD]] for whom traditional [[psychostimulant]] therapy (with [[methylphenidate]]) was either ineffective or wasn't well tolerated. Adding nadolol to the psychostimulant monotherapy resulted in improved attention and focus with decreased side effects. This suggested that [[combination therapy]] with nadolol and a psychostimulant (such as methylphenidate or [[dexamphetamine]]) might be effective for treatment-resistant ADHD in adults.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1940895&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=EkyTTvjNRZAC&pg=PA669&lpg=PA669&dq=Nadolol+for+ADHD&source=bl&ots=AGG0LAgDus&sig=ctayeAWE3Nkoki-_EhfeLJ2uR1I&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9a40UvX7G8nDqQHSm4HQCg&ved=0CHYQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Nadolol%20for%20ADHD&f=true</ref>


* Dosing Information
:Nadolol is also used to control tremors in [[degenerative disease]]s of the [[central nervous system]] (such as [[essential tremor]]) or as an anti-tremor agent in the treatment of [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>http://www.drugs.com/dosage/nadolol.html#Usual_Adult_Dose_for_Parkinsonian_Tremor</ref>


:: [[Lopressor injection]] dose range: 2—15 mg<ref name="Amsterdam-1991">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Amsterdam | first1 = EA. | last2 = Kulcyski | first2 = J. | last3 = Ridgeway | first3 = MG. | title = Efficacy of cardioselective beta-adrenergic blockade with intravenously administered metoprolol in the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. | journal = J Clin Pharmacol | volume = 31 | issue = 8 | pages = 714-8 | month = Aug | year = 1991 | doi =  | PMID = 1880230 }}</ref>
* '''Long QT syndrome (LQTS)'''


=====Aggressive Behavior=====
:Nadolol is one of the preferred [[beta-blockers]] in the management of patients with [[long QT syndrome | LQTS]] for shortening of the QT interval and prevention of [[ventricular arrhythmia]]. It is more efficacious than [[metoprolol]] in the prevention of breakthrough cardiac events while on therapy and is equivalent to [[propranolol]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chockalingam|first=P|coauthors=Crotti, L; Girardengo, G; Johnson, JN; Harris, KM; van der Heijden, JF; Hauer, RN; Beckmann, BM; Spazzolini, C; Rordorf, R; Rydberg, A; Clur, SA; Fischer, M; van den Heuvel, F; Kääb, S; Blom, NA; Ackerman, MJ; Schwartz, PJ; Wilde, AA|title=Not all beta-blockers are equal in the management of long QT syndrome types 1 and 2: higher recurrence of events under metoprolol|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|date=Nov 13, 2012|volume=60|issue=20|pages=2092–9|pmid=23083782}}</ref> Nadolol has the advantage of once daily dosing and thus improved patient compliance.


=====Injection Site Pain Associated with Propofol Use=====
==Contraindications==


* Dosing Information
Patients whose heart rate is largely mediated by the [[sympathetic nervous system]] (e.g. patients with [[congestive heart failure]] or [[myocardial infarction|myocardial infarct]]) should avoid nadolol as it inhibits sympathetic function. Nadolol is also contraindicated in patients with [[bradycardia]] (slow heart rate) because of its vasodilatory effects and tendency to cause bradycardia.


:: Pretreatment with [[Lopressor injection]] 2 mg.<ref name="Aşik-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Aşik | first1 = I. | last2 = Yörükoğlu | first2 = D. | last3 = Gülay | first3 = I. | last4 = Tulunay | first4 = M. | title = Pain on injection of propofol: comparison of metoprolol with lidocaine. | journal = Eur J Anaesthesiol | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 487-9 | month = Jun | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 12803269 }}</ref>
Because of its beta-2 activity, nadolol causes pulmonary bronchoconstriction and should be avoided in [[asthma]] patients in preference of a [[beta blocker|beta-1 blocker]]. However, evidence from a 2008 study suggests that long-term non-selective beta-blocker use may actually prove to be beneficial in mild asthma.<ref>http://ajrcmb.atsjournals.org/content/38/3/249.full</ref>
|fdaLIADPed======Condition 1=====


* Dosing Information
Because nadolol, like other beta-2 blockers, inhibits the synthesis and release of [[glucose]] in response to [[hypoglycemia]], it slows patients' recovery from acute hypoglycemic episodes and should be avoided in patients getting treatment for [[diabetes mellitus]]. In patients with [[insulin]]-dependent diabetes, a selective beta-1 blocker is preferred over non-selective blockers.


:* (Dosage)
==Side effects==


=====Condition 2=====
* [[Bradycardia]]
* [[Fatigue (physical)|Fatigue]]
* [[Bronchospasm]]s


* Dosing Information
==Chemistry==


:* (Dosage)
Nadolol is a mixture of [[stereoisomer]]s. It is [[Chemical polarity | polar]] and [[Hydrophile | hydrophilic]], with low [[lipid]] solubility.
|offLabelPedGuideSupport======Condition 1=====


* Developed by: (Organisation)
==References==


* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
{{Reflist|2}}


* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
[[Category:Drugs]]
 
* Dosing Information/Recommendation
 
:* (Dosage)
 
=====Condition 2=====
 
* Developed by: (Organisation)
 
* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
 
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
 
* Dosing Information/Recommendation
 
:* (Dosage)
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport======Condition 1=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* (Dosage)
 
=====Condition 2=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* (Dosage)
 
=====Condition 3=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* (Dosage)
|contraindications=* Condition 1
* Condition 2
* Condition 3
* Condition 4
* Condition 5
|warnings======Conidition 1=====
 
(Description)
|clinicalTrials=======Central Nervous System======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
======Cardiovascular======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
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: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
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: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
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: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
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: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
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: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
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: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
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: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
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Revision as of 17:47, 7 July 2014

Nadolol
CORGARD® FDA Package Insert
Indications and Usage
Dosage and Administration
Contraindications
Warnings and Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Overdosage
Description
Clinical Pharmacology
Nonclinical Toxicology
How Supplied/Storage and Handling
Patient Counseling Information
Labels and Packages
Clinical Trials on Nadolol
ClinicalTrials.gov

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [2]

For patient information about Nadolol, click here.

Synonyms / Brand Names: CORGARD®

Overview

Nadolol (Corgard, Anabet, Solgol, Corzide, Alti-Nadolol, Apo-Nadol, Novo-Nadolol) is a non-selective beta blocker used in the treatment of high blood pressure and chest pain (its only FDA approved uses).[1] Additionally, it is often prescribed in the treatment of migraine headaches, adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,[2] essential tremor, and Parkinson's disease.[3][4][5]

Category

Beta blockers

FDA Package Insert

CORGARD (nadolol) tablet

Indications and Usage | Dosage and Administration | Dosage Forms and Strengths | Contraindications | Warnings and Precautions | Adverse Reactions | Drug Interactions | Use in Specific Populations | Overdosage | Description | Clinical Pharmacology | Nonclinical Toxicology | Clinical Studies | How Supplied/Storage and Handling | Patient Counseling Information | Labels and Packages

Mechanism of Action

Nadolol is a non-selective beta blocker; that is, it non-selectively blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It has a preference for beta-1 receptors, which are predominantly located in the heart, thereby inhibiting the effects of catecholamines and causing a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure. Its inhibition of beta-2 receptors, which are mainly located in the bronchial smooth muscle of the airways, leads to airway constriction similar to that seen in asthma. Inhibition of beta-1 receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney inhibits the renin-angiotensin system, causing a decrease in vasoconstriction and a decrease in water retention. Nadolol's inhibition of beta-1 receptors in the heart and kidney leads to its effects on lowering blood pressure.

The drug impairs AV node conduction and decreases sinus rate.

Nadolol may also increase plasma triglycerides and decrease HDL-cholesterol levels.

Indications

Nadolol has U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved indications for:

Off-label uses

  • Neurological disorders
Nadolol is used in the treatment of a number of neurological disorders such as migraine, adult ADHD, essential tremor, Parkinson's disease. Prevention of migraine headaches with nadolol is well documented.[1]
A case report study from Harvard Medical School, published in 1991, described three adult patients with ADHD for whom traditional psychostimulant therapy (with methylphenidate) was either ineffective or wasn't well tolerated. Adding nadolol to the psychostimulant monotherapy resulted in improved attention and focus with decreased side effects. This suggested that combination therapy with nadolol and a psychostimulant (such as methylphenidate or dexamphetamine) might be effective for treatment-resistant ADHD in adults.[6][7]
Nadolol is also used to control tremors in degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (such as essential tremor) or as an anti-tremor agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.[8]
  • Long QT syndrome (LQTS)
Nadolol is one of the preferred beta-blockers in the management of patients with LQTS for shortening of the QT interval and prevention of ventricular arrhythmia. It is more efficacious than metoprolol in the prevention of breakthrough cardiac events while on therapy and is equivalent to propranolol.[9] Nadolol has the advantage of once daily dosing and thus improved patient compliance.

Contraindications

Patients whose heart rate is largely mediated by the sympathetic nervous system (e.g. patients with congestive heart failure or myocardial infarct) should avoid nadolol as it inhibits sympathetic function. Nadolol is also contraindicated in patients with bradycardia (slow heart rate) because of its vasodilatory effects and tendency to cause bradycardia.

Because of its beta-2 activity, nadolol causes pulmonary bronchoconstriction and should be avoided in asthma patients in preference of a beta-1 blocker. However, evidence from a 2008 study suggests that long-term non-selective beta-blocker use may actually prove to be beneficial in mild asthma.[10]

Because nadolol, like other beta-2 blockers, inhibits the synthesis and release of glucose in response to hypoglycemia, it slows patients' recovery from acute hypoglycemic episodes and should be avoided in patients getting treatment for diabetes mellitus. In patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, a selective beta-1 blocker is preferred over non-selective blockers.

Side effects

Chemistry

Nadolol is a mixture of stereoisomers. It is polar and hydrophilic, with low lipid solubility.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Drug Facts And Comparisons (2011 ed.). 77 Westport Plaza, Suite 450, St. Louis, Missouri: Wolters Kluwer Health. pp. (4)775.
  2. ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=EkyTTvjNRZAC&pg=PA669&lpg=PA669&dq=Nadolol+for+ADHD&source=bl&ots=AGG0LAgDus&sig=ctayeAWE3Nkoki-_EhfeLJ2uR1I&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9a40UvX7G8nDqQHSm4HQCg&ved=0CHYQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Nadolol%20for%20ADHD&f=true
  3. ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=EkyTTvjNRZAC&pg=PA669&lpg=PA669&dq=Nadolol+for+ADHD&source=bl&ots=AGG0LAgDus&sig=ctayeAWE3Nkoki-_EhfeLJ2uR1I&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9a40UvX7G8nDqQHSm4HQCg&ved=0CHYQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Nadolol%20for%20ADHD&f=true
  4. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6348587
  5. ↑ http://www.drugs.com/dosage/nadolol.html#Usual_Adult_Dose_for_Parkinsonian_Tremor
  6. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1940895&dopt=Abstract
  7. ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=EkyTTvjNRZAC&pg=PA669&lpg=PA669&dq=Nadolol+for+ADHD&source=bl&ots=AGG0LAgDus&sig=ctayeAWE3Nkoki-_EhfeLJ2uR1I&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9a40UvX7G8nDqQHSm4HQCg&ved=0CHYQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Nadolol%20for%20ADHD&f=true
  8. ↑ http://www.drugs.com/dosage/nadolol.html#Usual_Adult_Dose_for_Parkinsonian_Tremor
  9. ↑ Chockalingam, P (Nov 13, 2012). "Not all beta-blockers are equal in the management of long QT syndrome types 1 and 2: higher recurrence of events under metoprolol". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 60 (20): 2092–9. PMID 23083782. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ http://ajrcmb.atsjournals.org/content/38/3/249.full
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