Pulmonary embolism discharge care and long term treatment: Difference between revisions
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'''Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{ATI}}, [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com]; {{AE}} {{CZ}}; {{Rim}} | '''Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{ATI}}, [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com]; {{AE}} {{CZ}}; {{Rim}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
While hospital admission is necessary for patients who have a massive or submassive PE, patients with low risk PE | While hospital admission is necessary for patients who have a massive or submassive pulmonary embolism (PE), patients with low risk PE who have no evidence of [[hypotension]], [[RV dysfunction|right ventricular dysfunction]], or myocardial [[necrosis]] can be discharged early on and put on an out-patient treatment regimen.<ref name="pmid20592294">{{cite journal| author=Agnelli G, Becattini C| title=Acute pulmonary embolism. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2010 | volume= 363 | issue= 3 | pages= 266-74 | pmid=20592294 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra0907731 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20592294 }} </ref> The long term management of [[PE]] depends on whether the episode is the first one or not, whether it is provoked or unprovoked, and on the risk of bleeding of the patient. Among non cancer patients, the first line therapy for long term outpatient anticoagulation therapy is [[vitamin K antagonist]]s (VKA); whereas the first line treatment among cancer patients is [[low molecular weight heparin]]. | ||
== Discharge Care == | == Discharge Care == | ||
=== Discharge Criteria === | === Discharge Criteria === | ||
* The mortality of low risk PE, submassive (intermediate risk) PE, and massive (high risk) PE increases from <3%, to 3-15%, to >15% respectively. Given the elevated rate of mortality in cases of submassive and massive PE, hospital admission is necessary for patients who are stratified within these categories.ref name="pmid18757870">{{cite journal |author=Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P, Bengel F, Brady AJ, Ferreira D, Janssens U, Klepetko W, Mayer E, Remy-Jardin M, Bassand JP |title=Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=29|issue=18 |pages=2276–315 |year=2008 |month=September|pmid=18757870 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310|url=http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18757870|accessdate=2011-12-07}}</ref> Hemodynamic stability is not the criteria for discharge. Patients who are hemodynamically stable but have [[RV dysfunction|right ventricular dysfunction]] (stratified as submassive PE), should be admitted. | * The mortality of low risk PE, submassive (intermediate risk) PE, and massive (high risk) PE increases from <3%, to 3-15%, to >15% respectively.<ref name="pmid18757870">{{cite journal |author=Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P, Bengel F, Brady AJ, Ferreira D, Janssens U, Klepetko W, Mayer E, Remy-Jardin M, Bassand JP |title=Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=29|issue=18 |pages=2276–315 |year=2008 |month=September|pmid=18757870 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310|url=http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18757870|accessdate=2011-12-07}}</ref> Given the elevated rate of mortality in cases of submassive and massive PE, hospital admission is necessary for patients who are stratified within these categories.<ref name="pmid18757870">{{cite journal |author=Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P, Bengel F, Brady AJ, Ferreira D, Janssens U, Klepetko W, Mayer E, Remy-Jardin M, Bassand JP |title=Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=29|issue=18 |pages=2276–315 |year=2008 |month=September|pmid=18757870 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310|url=http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18757870|accessdate=2011-12-07}}</ref> Hemodynamic stability is not the criteria for discharge. Patients who are hemodynamically stable but have [[RV dysfunction|right ventricular dysfunction]] (stratified as submassive PE), should be admitted. | ||
* Patients with low risk PE | * Patients with low risk PE who have no evidence of [[hypotension]], [[RV dysfunction|right ventricular dysfunction]], or myocardial [[necrosis]] can be discharged early on and put on an out-patient treatment regimen.<ref name="pmid20592294">{{cite journal| author=Agnelli G, Becattini C| title=Acute pulmonary embolism. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2010 | volume= 363 | issue= 3 | pages= 266-74 | pmid=20592294 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra0907731 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20592294 }} </ref> | ||
=== Discharge Medications === | === Discharge Medications === | ||
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====Long Term Anticoagulation Therapy==== | ====Long Term Anticoagulation Therapy==== | ||
* The long term management of [[PE]] depends on whether the episode is the first one or not, whether it is provoked or unprovoked, and on the risk of bleeding of the patient. Among non cancer patients, the first line therapy for long term management of [[PE]] is [[vitamin K antagonist]]s (VKA); whereas the first line treatment among cancer patients is [[low molecular weight heparin]]. | * The long term management of [[PE]] depends on whether the episode is the first one or not, whether it is provoked or unprovoked, and on the risk of [[bleeding]] of the patient. Among non cancer patients, the first line therapy for long term management of [[PE]] is [[vitamin K antagonist]]s (VKA); whereas the first line treatment among [[cancer]] patients is [[low molecular weight heparin]]. If long term treatment with VKA is decided, VKA should be started at the same day with heparin allowing for at least 5 days of overlap until the [[INR]] is ≥2 for at least 24 hours. Among patients on extended [[anticoagulation therapy]], the risk vs benefits of the [[anticoagulation therapy]] should be assessed regularly (for example annually).<ref name="pmid22315268">{{cite journal| author=Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, Prandoni P, Bounameaux H, Goldhaber SZ et al.| title=Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Chest | year= 2012 | volume= 141 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= e419S-94S | pmid=22315268 | doi=10.1378/chest.11-2301 | pmc=PMC3278049 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22315268 }} </ref> | ||
Shown below is an algorithm depicting the long term outpatient anticoagulation therapy for patients with PE.<ref name="pmid22315268">{{cite journal| author=Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, Prandoni P, Bounameaux H, Goldhaber SZ et al.| title=Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Chest | year= 2012 | volume= 141 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= e419S-94S | pmid=22315268 | doi=10.1378/chest.11-2301 | pmc=PMC3278049 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22315268 }} </ref> | |||
{{Family tree/start}} | {{Family tree/start}} |
Revision as of 19:41, 11 July 2014
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Editor(s)-In-Chief: The APEX Trial Investigators, C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Rim Halaby, M.D. [3]
Overview
While hospital admission is necessary for patients who have a massive or submassive pulmonary embolism (PE), patients with low risk PE who have no evidence of hypotension, right ventricular dysfunction, or myocardial necrosis can be discharged early on and put on an out-patient treatment regimen.[1] The long term management of PE depends on whether the episode is the first one or not, whether it is provoked or unprovoked, and on the risk of bleeding of the patient. Among non cancer patients, the first line therapy for long term outpatient anticoagulation therapy is vitamin K antagonists (VKA); whereas the first line treatment among cancer patients is low molecular weight heparin.
Discharge Care
Discharge Criteria
- The mortality of low risk PE, submassive (intermediate risk) PE, and massive (high risk) PE increases from <3%, to 3-15%, to >15% respectively.[2] Given the elevated rate of mortality in cases of submassive and massive PE, hospital admission is necessary for patients who are stratified within these categories.[2] Hemodynamic stability is not the criteria for discharge. Patients who are hemodynamically stable but have right ventricular dysfunction (stratified as submassive PE), should be admitted.
- Patients with low risk PE who have no evidence of hypotension, right ventricular dysfunction, or myocardial necrosis can be discharged early on and put on an out-patient treatment regimen.[1]
Discharge Medications
Initial Anticoagulation Therapy
- Low risk PE patients can have an early discharge and outpatient treatment. For more details about the choices of treatment, click here.
Long Term Anticoagulation Therapy
- The long term management of PE depends on whether the episode is the first one or not, whether it is provoked or unprovoked, and on the risk of bleeding of the patient. Among non cancer patients, the first line therapy for long term management of PE is vitamin K antagonists (VKA); whereas the first line treatment among cancer patients is low molecular weight heparin. If long term treatment with VKA is decided, VKA should be started at the same day with heparin allowing for at least 5 days of overlap until the INR is ≥2 for at least 24 hours. Among patients on extended anticoagulation therapy, the risk vs benefits of the anticoagulation therapy should be assessed regularly (for example annually).[3]
Shown below is an algorithm depicting the long term outpatient anticoagulation therapy for patients with PE.[3]
Is this the first episode of PE? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
YES | NO | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Is PE provoked? | What is the risk of bleeding? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yes, transient reversible risk factor | Yes, cancer | No (unprovoked) | Low or moderate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Extended therapy or until cancer is cured ❑ LMWH (first line) OR ❑ VKA OR ❑ Dabigatran OR ❑ Rivaroxaban | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Low or moderate | High | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Extended therapy | Do not extend the therapy beyond the initial 3 months | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note that edoxaban[4] has been evaluated for the treatment of VTE and is currently seeking approval for this indication.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Agnelli G, Becattini C (2010). "Acute pulmonary embolism". N Engl J Med. 363 (3): 266–74. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0907731. PMID 20592294.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P, Bengel F, Brady AJ, Ferreira D, Janssens U, Klepetko W, Mayer E, Remy-Jardin M, Bassand JP (2008). "Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)". Eur. Heart J. 29 (18): 2276–315. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310. PMID 18757870. Retrieved 2011-12-07. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, Prandoni P, Bounameaux H, Goldhaber SZ; et al. (2012). "Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines". Chest. 141 (2 Suppl): e419S–94S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-2301. PMC 3278049. PMID 22315268.
- ↑ Hokusai-VTE Investigators. Büller HR, Décousus H, Grosso MA, Mercuri M, Middeldorp S; et al. (2013). "Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism". N Engl J Med. 369 (15): 1406–15. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1306638. PMID 23991658. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jan 21;160(2):JC4 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2014 Mar 18;160(6):JC4