Tuberculosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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The risk of contracting [[TB]] increases in cases where there is: | |||
* | * Frequent contact with people who have [[TB]] | ||
* | * Poor [[nutrition]] | ||
* | * Bad hygiene | ||
The following factors may increase the rate of [[TB]] [[infection]] in a population: | The following factors may increase the rate of [[TB]] [[infection]] in a population: | ||
* Chest X-ray with evidence of previous TB disease | * [[Chest X-ray]] with evidence of previous [[TB]] disease | ||
* Increase in [[HIV]] infections | * Increase in [[HIV]] infections | ||
* Increase in number of homeless people | * Increase in number of homeless people | ||
Revision as of 11:34, 22 July 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Progression from TB infection to TB disease occurs when the TB bacilli overcome the immune system defenses and begin to multiply.
Risk Factors
In primary TB disease—1 to 5% of cases—this occurs soon after infection. However, in the majority of cases, a latent infection occurs that has no obvious symptoms. These dormant bacilli can produce tuberculosis in 2 to 23% of these latent cases, often many years after infection.[1] The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In patients co-infected with HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year.
The following people are at higher risk for active TB:
- Elderly
- Infants
- People with weakened immune systems, such as:
- Hematologic and reticuloendothelial disease
- End-stage kidney disease
- History of gastrectomy
- Or those taking medications, such as:
- Immunosuppressive medications, such as corticosteroids, tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers[2]
The risk of contracting TB increases in cases where there is:
The following factors may increase the rate of TB infection in a population:
- Chest X-ray with evidence of previous TB disease
- Increase in HIV infections
- Increase in number of homeless people
- The appearance of drug-resistant strains of TB
Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Drug resistance is more common in people who:[3]
- Do not take their TB medicine regularly
- Do not take all of their TB medicine as told by their doctor or nurse
- Develop TB disease again, after having taken TB medicine in the past
- Come from areas of the world where drug-resistant TB is common
- Have spent time with someone known to have drug-resistant TB disease
References
- ↑ Parrish N, Dick J, Bishai W (1998). "Mechanisms of latency in Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Trends Microbiol. 6 (3): 107–12. PMID 9582936.
- ↑ Mutlu G, Mutlu E, Bellmeyer A, Rubinstein I (2006). "Pulmonary adverse events of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody therapy". Am J Med. 119 (8): 639–46. PMID 16887405.
- ↑ "Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis".