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==Overview==


==[[Phenylephrine (patient information)|For patient information, click here]]==
'''Phenylephrine''' is a selective [[Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor|α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptor]] [[agonist]] used primarily as a [[decongestant]], as an agent to dilate the [[pupil]], and to increase [[blood pressure]]. Phenylephrine is marketed as a substitute for the decongestant [[pseudoephedrine]], though clinical studies differ regarding its effectiveness in this role.
 
'''Phenylephrine''' or '''Neo-Synephrine''' is an [[α-adrenergic receptor]] [[agonist]] used primarily as a [[decongestant]], as an agent to dilate the [[pupil]] and to increase [[blood pressure]]. Phenylephrine has recently been marketed as a substitute for [[pseudoephedrine]], (e.g. [[Pfizer]]'s ''Sudafed (Original Formulation)'') but there are recent claims that oral phenylephrine may be no more effective as a decongestant than placebo. <Ref name="UFL">[http://news.ufl.edu/2006/07/19/decongensant/ UF press release on the Hendles letter]</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==
===Decongestant===
===Decongestant===
Phenylephrine is used as a decongestant, available as an oral medicine or as a nasal spray. Phenylephrine is now the most common [[Over-the-counter substance|over-the-counter]] (OTC) decongestant; [[oxymetazoline]] is a more common nasal spray. [[Pseudoephedrine]] was historically more common, although its notoriety as a [[methamphetamine]] precursor has led some governments to restrict its sale.
Phenylephrine is used as a decongestant sold as an oral medicine, as a [[nasal spray]], or as eye drops. It is now the most common [[Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] [[decongestant]] in the United States; [[oxymetazoline]] is a more common nasal spray.


Oral phenylephrine is extensively [[metabolism|metabolised]] by [[monoamine oxidase]] [http://www.pharmgkb.org/do/serve?objId=975&objCls=DrugProperties], an [[enzyme]] which is present in the [[gastrointestinal tract]] and the liver. Therefore, compared to orally-taken pseudoephedrine, it has a reduced and variable [[bioavailability]] of only up to 38 percent [http://www.pharmgkb.org/do/serve?objId=975&objCls=DrugProperties] [http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/Class/mccMin25Nov2004.htm], and is therefore less effective than a nasal decongestant. Because phenylephrine is a direct selective α-adrenergic [[receptor agonist]], it does not cause the release of endogenous [[Norepinephrine|noradrenaline]] like pseudoephedrine does. Therefore, phenylephrine is less likely to cause side-effects like [[central nervous system]] stimulation, [[insomnia]], [[anxiety]], irritability and restlessness.
Oral phenylephrine is extensively [[metabolism|metabolised]] by [[monoamine oxidase]],<ref name = DB>http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00388#identification</ref> an [[enzyme]] that is present in the intestinal wall and in the liver. Compared to intravenous pseudoephedrine, it has a reduced and variable [[bioavailability]]; only up to 38%.<ref name = DB/><ref>[http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/Class/mccMin25Nov2004.htm NZ Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority recommendation on phenylephrine] (November 2004)</ref> Because phenylephrine is a selective α-[[adrenergic receptor]] agonist it does not cause the release of endogenous [[Norepinephrine|noradrenaline]]. Nor does it increase the rate ([[chronotropy]]) and strength ([[inotropy]]) of heart contractions, as pseudoephedrine does.<ref>http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=72348406-e74f-46c5-b93d-34d07cffe1fd</ref> Phenylephrine may cause side effects such as headache, reflex bradycardia, excitability, restlessness and cardiac arrhythmias.<ref>http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=72348406-e74f-46c5-b93d-34d07cffe1fd</ref>


Some popular [[Common cold|cold]] remedies containing phenylephrine: Canada's hot lemon Neocitran, the United Kingdom's [[Lemsip]], and the United States' [[Alka-Seltzer]] Cold Effervescent formula, [[Sudafed]] PE Non-Drowsy Nasal Decongestant, [[Robitussin]] CF, Tylenol Sinus, and [[DayQuil]] Capsules.
Phenylephrine is used as a replacement for pseudoephedrine in decongestant medicines due to pseudoephedrine's use in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine. Its efficacy as an oral decongestant has been questioned, with multiple studies not being able to come to an agreement. Whereas pseudoephedrine causes both vasoconstriction and increase of mucociliary clearance through its nonspecific adrenergic activity, phenylephrine's selective α-adrenergic agonism causes vasoconstriction alone, creating a difference in their methods of action.


As a nasal spray, phenylephrine is available in 1% and 0.5% concentrations. It suffers some [[rebound effect|rebound]] congestion effects, although to a lesser degree than [[oxymetazoline]].
As a nasal spray, phenylephrine is available in 1% and 0.5% concentrations. It may cause [[rhinitis medicamentosa|rebound congestion]], similar to oxymetazoline.
 
===Hemorrhoid discomfort===
This medication is used to temporarily relieve swelling, burning, pain, and itching caused by hemorrhoids. It works by temporarily narrowing the blood vessels in the area. This effect decreases swelling and discomfort.  Some products may also contain substances (e.g., cocoa butter, hard fat, mineral oil, shark liver oil) that form a protective barrier to prevent too much irritating contact with stool.<ref>http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-76444-phenylephrine+HCl+Rect.aspx?drugid=76444&drugname=phenylephrine+HCl+Rect</ref>


===Mydriatic===
===Mydriatic===
Phenylephrine is used as an eye drop to dilate the pupil to facilitate visualization of the retina. It is often used in combination with [[tropicamide]]. Narrow angle [[glaucoma]] is a [[contraindication]] to phenylephrine use.
Phenylephrine is used as an eye drop to dilate the pupil to facilitate visualization of the retina. It is often used in combination with [[tropicamide]] as a synergist when tropicamide alone is not sufficient. Narrow-angle [[glaucoma]] is a [[contraindication]] to phenylephrine use. As a [[mydriasis|mydriatic]], it is available in 2.5% and 10% minims. {{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}


===Vasopressor===
===Vasopressor===
Phenylephrine is sometimes used as a [[vasopressor]] to increase the blood pressure in unstable patients with hypotension. Such use is more common in anesthesia or critical care practices; phenylephrine is especially useful in counteracting the [[hypotension | hypotensive]] effect of [[epidural]] and [[subarachnoid]] [[anesthetics]]. It also has the advantage of not being [[inotrope | inotropic]] or [[chronotropic]], and so it strictly elevates the blood pressure without increasing the heart rate or contractility (reflex bradycardia may result from the blood pressure increase, however). This is especially useful if the heart is already tachycardic and/or has a [[cardiomyopathy]].
Phenylephrine is commonly used as a [[vasopressor]] to increase the blood pressure in unstable patients with [[hypotension]], especially resulting from septic shock. Such use is common in anesthesia or critical-care practices; it is especially useful in counteracting the hypotensive effect of [[epidural]] and [[subarachnoid]] [[anesthetics]], as well as the vasodilating effect of bacterial toxins and the inflammatory response in [[sepsis]] and [[systemic inflammatory response syndrome]]. It has the advantage of not being [[inotrope|inotropic]] or [[chronotropic]], so it strictly elevates the blood pressure without increasing the heart rate or contractility (reflex [[bradycardia]] may result from the blood pressure increase, however). This is especially useful if the heart is already tachycardic and/or has a [[cardiomyopathy]]. The elimination half life of phenylephrine is about 2.5 to 3.0 hours.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}
 
Because of its vasoconstrictive effect, phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) can cause severe necrosis if it infiltrates the surrounding tissues. Because of this, it should be given through a central line if at all possible. Damage may be prevented or mitigated by infiltrating the tissue with the alpha blocker phentolamine by subcutaneous injection.<ref>Cooper, B. E. (2008). Review and Update on Inotropes and Vasopressors. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 19, 5–15.</ref>
 
Phenylephrine hydrochloride at 0.25% is used as a vasoconstrictor in some [[suppository]] formulations.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}
 
===Detumescent===
Phenylephrine is used by urologists to abort [[priapism]]. It is diluted significantly and injected directly into the [[Corpus cavernosum penis|corpora cavernosa]]. The mechanism of action is to cause constriction of the blood vessels entering into the penis, thus breaking the pathophysiologic cycle that continues the priapism.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}


==Side effects==
==Side effects==
The primary side effect of phenylephrine is [[hypertension]]. Patients with congestion and hypertension are typically advised to avoid  products containing phenylephrine.  
The primary side effect of phenylephrine is [[hypertension]]. Patients with hypertension are typically advised to avoid  products containing it. [[Prostatic hyperplasia]] can also be symptomatically worsened by use, and chronic use can lead to rebound [[hyperemia]].<ref name=pharmnemonics>{{Cite book|author=Shen, Howard|title=Illustrated Pharmacology Memory Cards: PharMnemonics|year=2008|publisher=Minireview|isbn=1-59541-101-1|page=3}}</ref> Patients with a history of anxiety or panic disorders, or on anticonvulsant medication for epilepsy should not take this substance. The drug interaction might produce seizures. Some patients have been shown to have an upset stomach, severe abdominal cramping, and vomiting issues connected to taking this drug.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}
 
Because this medication is a [[sympathomimetic]] amine, it can also increase contractility force and increase output to the cardiac muscle. In other words, phenylephrine mimics norepinephrine binding to α-adrenoreceptors and can cause increased heart rate.


Patients with a history of epilepsy and on anticonvulsant medication should not take this substance. The drug interaction might produce seizures.
Extended use may cause [[rhinitis medicamentosa]], a condition of [[Rebound effect|rebound]] [[nasal congestion]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}


==Legal issues==
==Substitute for pseudoephedrine==
Pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine are both used as decongestants; and until recently, [[pseudoephedrine]] was much more commonly available in the United States. This has changed because provisions of the [[Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005]] placed restrictions on the sale of pseudoephedrine products to prevent the clandestine manufacture of [[methamphetamine]]. Since 2004, phenylephrine has been increasingly marketed as a substitute for pseudoephedrine; some manufacturers have changed the active ingredients of products to avoid the restrictions on sales. <ref name="HeraldTribune"/>  Phenylephrine has been off patent for a long time; there are many generic brands available.
Pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine are both used as decongestants; and, until recently, [[pseudoephedrine]] was much more commonly available in the United States. This has changed because provisions of the [[Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005]] placed restrictions on the sale of pseudoephedrine products to prevent the [[clandestine chemistry|clandestine manufacture]] of [[methamphetamine]]. Since 2004, phenylephrine has been increasingly marketed as a substitute for pseudoephedrine; some manufacturers have changed the active ingredients of products to avoid the restrictions on sales.<ref name="HeraldTribune"/>  Phenylephrine has been off [[patent]] for some time, and many generic brands are available.


==Questions about effectiveness==
==Questions about effectiveness==
Pharmacists Leslie Hendeles and Randy Hatton of the [[University of Florida]] suggested in 2006 that oral phenylephrine is ineffective as a decongestant at the 10 mg dose used, arguing that the studies used for the regulatory approval of the drug in the United States in 1976 were inadequate to prove effectiveness at the 10 mg dose and safety at higher doses.  
Pharmacists Leslie Hendeles and Randy Hatton of the [[University of Florida]] suggested in 2006 that oral phenylephrine is ineffective as a decongestant at the 10-mg dose used, arguing that the studies used for the regulatory approval of the drug in the United States in 1976 were inadequate to prove effectiveness at the 10-mg dose, and safety at higher doses.<ref name="Hendeles2006">{{cite journal|author=Heldeles, L. and Hatton, R.|title=Oral phenylephrine: An ineffective replacement for pseudoephedrine?|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=118|issue=1|pages=279–280|pmid=16815167|year=2006|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2006.03.002}}</ref> Other pharmacists have expressed concerns over phenylephrine's effectiveness as a nasal decongestant,<ref name="UFL1">{{cite web
<ref name="Hendeles2006">Heldeles, L. and Hatton, R. Oral phenylephrine: An ineffective replacement for pseudoephedrine? ''Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'', Volume 118, Issue 1, Pages 279-280</ref>
|url=http://news.ufl.edu/2006/07/19/decongensant/
Other pharmacists have expressed concerns over phenylephrine's effectiveness as a nasal decongestant
|author=University of Florida
<ref name="UFL"/>
|title=UF researchers question effectiveness of decongestant
and other clinicians have indicated concern for regulatory actions that reduce the availability of pseudoephedrine.
|date=2006-07-19
<ref name=BJMrr>Eccles, R. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/332/7538/382-b Phenylephrine an ineffective replacement for pseudoephedrine in response to the methamphetamine problem in the USA]. bmj.com. (May 2006)</ref>  
|accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> and other clinicians have indicated concern for regulatory actions that reduced the availability of pseudoephedrine.<ref name="pmid16484253">{{cite web|author=Eccles R|title=Phenylephrine an ineffective replacement for pseudoephedrine in response to the methamphetamine problem in the USA|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/332/7538/382-b|date=May 2006|publisher=BMJ}}<br />'''Rapid Response to'''<br />{{cite journal|author=Tanne JH|title=Methamphetamine epidemic hits middle America|journal=BMJ|volume=332|issue=7538|pages=382|date=February 2006|pmid=16484253|doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7538.382-b|url=|pmc=1370997}}</ref><ref name="BJM">{{cite journal|author=Eccles, R.|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02833.x|title=Substitution of phenylephrine for pseudoephedrine as a nasal decongeststant. An illogical way to control methamphetamine abuse|journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|volume=63|pages=10–14|pmid=17116124|year=2007|issue=1|pmc=2000711}} (January 2007)</ref> A subsequent meta-analysis by the same researchers concluded that the evidence for its effectiveness is insufficient,<ref name="Annals">{{cite journal|author=Hatton, R.C. et al.|url=http://www.theannals.com/cgi/content/abstract/aph.1H679v1|title=Efficacy and Safety of Oral Phenylephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=41|pages=381–390|doi=10.1345/aph.1H679|pmid=17264159|year=2007|format=abstract|issue=3}}(published online Jan 2007)</ref> though another meta-analysis published shortly thereafter by researchers from [[GlaxoSmithKline]] found the standard 10-mg dose to be significantly more effective than a placebo.<ref name="GSK">{{cite pmid|17692721}}{{medrs|date=August 2012}}</ref> Additionally, two studies published in 2009 examined the effects of phenylephrine on symptoms of [[allergic rhinitis]] by exposing sufferers to pollen in a controlled, indoor environment. Neither study was able to distinguish between the effects of phenylephrine or a placebo.<ref name="danzig09">{{Cite pmid|19230461}}</ref><ref name="yao09">{{Cite pmid|19441605}}</ref> Pseudoephedrine<ref name="danzig09" /> and [[loratadine]]-[[montelukast]] therapy<ref name="yao09" /> were found to be significantly more effective than both phenylephrine and placebo.
<ref name="BJM">Eccles, R. [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02833.x Substitution of phenylephrine for pseudoephedrine as a nasal decongestant. An illogical way to control methamphetamine abuse]. ''British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology'' 63. p10. (January 2007)</ref>  
 
A subsequent metaanalysis by the same researchers concluded that there is insufficient evidence for its effectiveness. <ref name="Annals">Hatton, R.C. et al. [http://www.theannals.com/cgi/content/abstract/aph.1H679v1 Efficacy and Safety of Oral Phenylephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis] ''Annals of Pharmacotherapy'' (published online Jan 2007)</ref>
The [[Food and Drug Administration]] has stood by its 1976 approval of phenylephrine for nasal congestion as the debate continues.<ref name="HeraldTribune">{{cite news|author=Hilenmeyer, K.|url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/FP/20070130/HEALTHMATTERS/70129001/1025/NEWS06|title=All stuffed up|publisher=Southwest Florida Herald-Tribune|date=30 January 2007}}</ref>
The matter is still under debate, though the [[Food and Drug Administration]] has stood by its 1976 approval.
<ref name="HeraldTribune">Hilenmeyer, K. [http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/FP/20070130/HEALTHMATTERS/70129001/1025/NEWS06 All stuffed up] ''Southwest Florida Herald-Tribune'' (30 January 2007)</ref>


==References==
==References==
http://www.theannals.com/cgi/content/abstract/aph.1H679v1
{{reflist|2}}
<references/>


==See also==
==External links==
*[http://www.drugs.com/MTM/phenylephrine.html Drugs.com - Phenylephrine]
*MedlinePlus: [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a606008.html Phenylephrine] <!-- {{MedlinePlusDrugInfo|uspdi|a606008}} -->
*[http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/dpdirect.jsp?name=Phenylephrine U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Phenylephrine]
*Neosynephrine Intravenous DIlution Guidelines: [http://www.globalrph.com/phenylephrine_dilution.htm]


* [http://www.drugs.com/MTM/phenylephrine.html Drugs.com - Phenylephrine]
{{Adrenergic agonists}}
* {{MedlinePlusDrugInfo|uspdi|202460}}
<br>
{{Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents}}
{{Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents}}
{{Nasal preparations}}
{{Nasal preparations}}
{{Mydriatics and cycloplegics}}
{{Mydriatics and cycloplegics}}
{{Phenethylamines}}


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Revision as of 23:55, 23 July 2014

Phenylephrine (injection)
Clinical data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B2
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration		Oral, intranasal, ophthalmic, intravenous, intramuscular
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability38% through GI tract
Protein binding95%
MetabolismHepatic (monoamine oxidase)
Elimination half-life2.1 to 3.4 hours
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
E number{{#property:P628}}
ECHA InfoCard{{#property:P2566}}Lua error in Module:EditAtWikidata at line 36: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC9H13NO2
Molar mass167.205 g/mol

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Phenylephrine is a selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist used primarily as a decongestant, as an agent to dilate the pupil, and to increase blood pressure. Phenylephrine is marketed as a substitute for the decongestant pseudoephedrine, though clinical studies differ regarding its effectiveness in this role.

Uses

Decongestant

Phenylephrine is used as a decongestant sold as an oral medicine, as a nasal spray, or as eye drops. It is now the most common over-the-counter decongestant in the United States; oxymetazoline is a more common nasal spray.

Oral phenylephrine is extensively metabolised by monoamine oxidase,[1] an enzyme that is present in the intestinal wall and in the liver. Compared to intravenous pseudoephedrine, it has a reduced and variable bioavailability; only up to 38%.[1][2] Because phenylephrine is a selective α-adrenergic receptor agonist it does not cause the release of endogenous noradrenaline. Nor does it increase the rate (chronotropy) and strength (inotropy) of heart contractions, as pseudoephedrine does.[3] Phenylephrine may cause side effects such as headache, reflex bradycardia, excitability, restlessness and cardiac arrhythmias.[4]

Phenylephrine is used as a replacement for pseudoephedrine in decongestant medicines due to pseudoephedrine's use in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine. Its efficacy as an oral decongestant has been questioned, with multiple studies not being able to come to an agreement. Whereas pseudoephedrine causes both vasoconstriction and increase of mucociliary clearance through its nonspecific adrenergic activity, phenylephrine's selective α-adrenergic agonism causes vasoconstriction alone, creating a difference in their methods of action.

As a nasal spray, phenylephrine is available in 1% and 0.5% concentrations. It may cause rebound congestion, similar to oxymetazoline.

Hemorrhoid discomfort

This medication is used to temporarily relieve swelling, burning, pain, and itching caused by hemorrhoids. It works by temporarily narrowing the blood vessels in the area. This effect decreases swelling and discomfort. Some products may also contain substances (e.g., cocoa butter, hard fat, mineral oil, shark liver oil) that form a protective barrier to prevent too much irritating contact with stool.[5]

Mydriatic

Phenylephrine is used as an eye drop to dilate the pupil to facilitate visualization of the retina. It is often used in combination with tropicamide as a synergist when tropicamide alone is not sufficient. Narrow-angle glaucoma is a contraindication to phenylephrine use. As a mydriatic, it is available in 2.5% and 10% minims. [citation needed]

Vasopressor

Phenylephrine is commonly used as a vasopressor to increase the blood pressure in unstable patients with hypotension, especially resulting from septic shock. Such use is common in anesthesia or critical-care practices; it is especially useful in counteracting the hypotensive effect of epidural and subarachnoid anesthetics, as well as the vasodilating effect of bacterial toxins and the inflammatory response in sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. It has the advantage of not being inotropic or chronotropic, so it strictly elevates the blood pressure without increasing the heart rate or contractility (reflex bradycardia may result from the blood pressure increase, however). This is especially useful if the heart is already tachycardic and/or has a cardiomyopathy. The elimination half life of phenylephrine is about 2.5 to 3.0 hours.[citation needed]

Because of its vasoconstrictive effect, phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) can cause severe necrosis if it infiltrates the surrounding tissues. Because of this, it should be given through a central line if at all possible. Damage may be prevented or mitigated by infiltrating the tissue with the alpha blocker phentolamine by subcutaneous injection.[6]

Phenylephrine hydrochloride at 0.25% is used as a vasoconstrictor in some suppository formulations.[citation needed]

Detumescent

Phenylephrine is used by urologists to abort priapism. It is diluted significantly and injected directly into the corpora cavernosa. The mechanism of action is to cause constriction of the blood vessels entering into the penis, thus breaking the pathophysiologic cycle that continues the priapism.[citation needed]

Side effects

The primary side effect of phenylephrine is hypertension. Patients with hypertension are typically advised to avoid products containing it. Prostatic hyperplasia can also be symptomatically worsened by use, and chronic use can lead to rebound hyperemia.[7] Patients with a history of anxiety or panic disorders, or on anticonvulsant medication for epilepsy should not take this substance. The drug interaction might produce seizures. Some patients have been shown to have an upset stomach, severe abdominal cramping, and vomiting issues connected to taking this drug.[citation needed]

Because this medication is a sympathomimetic amine, it can also increase contractility force and increase output to the cardiac muscle. In other words, phenylephrine mimics norepinephrine binding to α-adrenoreceptors and can cause increased heart rate.

Extended use may cause rhinitis medicamentosa, a condition of rebound nasal congestion.[citation needed]

Substitute for pseudoephedrine

Pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine are both used as decongestants; and, until recently, pseudoephedrine was much more commonly available in the United States. This has changed because provisions of the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 placed restrictions on the sale of pseudoephedrine products to prevent the clandestine manufacture of methamphetamine. Since 2004, phenylephrine has been increasingly marketed as a substitute for pseudoephedrine; some manufacturers have changed the active ingredients of products to avoid the restrictions on sales.[8] Phenylephrine has been off patent for some time, and many generic brands are available.

Questions about effectiveness

Pharmacists Leslie Hendeles and Randy Hatton of the University of Florida suggested in 2006 that oral phenylephrine is ineffective as a decongestant at the 10-mg dose used, arguing that the studies used for the regulatory approval of the drug in the United States in 1976 were inadequate to prove effectiveness at the 10-mg dose, and safety at higher doses.[9] Other pharmacists have expressed concerns over phenylephrine's effectiveness as a nasal decongestant,[10] and other clinicians have indicated concern for regulatory actions that reduced the availability of pseudoephedrine.[11][12] A subsequent meta-analysis by the same researchers concluded that the evidence for its effectiveness is insufficient,[13] though another meta-analysis published shortly thereafter by researchers from GlaxoSmithKline found the standard 10-mg dose to be significantly more effective than a placebo.[14] Additionally, two studies published in 2009 examined the effects of phenylephrine on symptoms of allergic rhinitis by exposing sufferers to pollen in a controlled, indoor environment. Neither study was able to distinguish between the effects of phenylephrine or a placebo.[15][16] Pseudoephedrine[15] and loratadine-montelukast therapy[16] were found to be significantly more effective than both phenylephrine and placebo.

The Food and Drug Administration has stood by its 1976 approval of phenylephrine for nasal congestion as the debate continues.[8]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00388#identification
  2. ↑ NZ Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority recommendation on phenylephrine (November 2004)
  3. ↑ http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=72348406-e74f-46c5-b93d-34d07cffe1fd
  4. ↑ http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=72348406-e74f-46c5-b93d-34d07cffe1fd
  5. ↑ http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-76444-phenylephrine+HCl+Rect.aspx?drugid=76444&drugname=phenylephrine+HCl+Rect
  6. ↑ Cooper, B. E. (2008). Review and Update on Inotropes and Vasopressors. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 19, 5–15.
  7. ↑ Shen, Howard (2008). Illustrated Pharmacology Memory Cards: PharMnemonics. Minireview. p. 3. ISBN 1-59541-101-1.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hilenmeyer, K. (30 January 2007). "All stuffed up". Southwest Florida Herald-Tribune.
  9. ↑ Heldeles, L. and Hatton, R. (2006). "Oral phenylephrine: An ineffective replacement for pseudoephedrine?". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 118 (1): 279–280. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.03.002. PMID 16815167.
  10. ↑ University of Florida (2006-07-19). "UF researchers question effectiveness of decongestant". Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  11. ↑ Eccles R (May 2006). "Phenylephrine an ineffective replacement for pseudoephedrine in response to the methamphetamine problem in the USA". BMJ.
    Rapid Response to
    Tanne JH (February 2006). "Methamphetamine epidemic hits middle America". BMJ. 332 (7538): 382. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7538.382-b. PMC 1370997. PMID 16484253.
  12. ↑ Eccles, R. (2007). "Substitution of phenylephrine for pseudoephedrine as a nasal decongeststant. An illogical way to control methamphetamine abuse". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 63 (1): 10–14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02833.x. PMC 2000711. PMID 17116124. (January 2007)
  13. ↑ Hatton, R.C.; et al. (2007). "Efficacy and Safety of Oral Phenylephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" (abstract). Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 41 (3): 381–390. doi:10.1345/aph.1H679. PMID 17264159.(published online Jan 2007)
  14. ↑ PMID 17692721 (PMID 17692721)
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  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 PMID 19230461 (PMID 19230461)
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  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 PMID 19441605 (PMID 19441605)
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External links

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