Malaria history and symptoms: Difference between revisions
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Particular elements from the history and physical examination, when considered together, may be suggestive of the diagnosis of malaria.372-374 Cyclical paroxysms of chills and rigors, fever, and drenching sweats are characteristic although not necessarily specific for malaria. A travel history that reveals risk of exposure months to years before in an endemic region is an alert for malaria and should always be sought in presentations of fever. Findings on physical exami- nation may include pallor and hepatosplenomegaly. Rarely, acute Plas- modium infections present with splenic rupture requiring surgery or conservative management.375,376 Findings such as jaundice, diminished consciousness, or convulsions indicate severe malaria (see later). Rash, lymphadenopathy, and signs of pulmonary consolidation are distinctly uncommon. | Particular elements from the history and physical examination, when considered together, may be suggestive of the diagnosis of malaria.372-374 Cyclical paroxysms of chills and rigors, fever, and drenching sweats are characteristic although not necessarily specific for malaria. A travel history that reveals risk of exposure months to years before in an endemic region is an alert for malaria and should always be sought in presentations of fever. Findings on physical exami- nation may include pallor and hepatosplenomegaly. Rarely, acute Plas- modium infections present with splenic rupture requiring surgery or conservative management.375,376 Findings such as jaundice, diminished consciousness, or convulsions indicate severe malaria (see later). Rash, lymphadenopathy, and signs of pulmonary consolidation are distinctly uncommon. | ||
* Symptoms of malaria include [[fever]], [[shivering]], [[arthralgia]] (joint pain), [[vomiting]], [[anemia]] caused by [[hemolysis]], [[hemoglobinuria]], and [[convulsion]]s. | * Symptoms of malaria include [[fever]], [[shivering]], [[arthralgia]] (joint pain), [[vomiting]], [[anemia]] caused by [[hemolysis]], [[hemoglobinuria]], and [[convulsion]]s. | ||
* There may be the feeling of tingling in the skin, particularly with malaria caused by ''P. falciparum''. | * There may be the feeling of tingling in the skin, particularly with malaria caused by ''P. falciparum''. | ||
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* For reasons that are poorly understood, but which may be related to high [[intracranial pressure]], children with malaria frequently exhibit [[abnormal posturing]], a sign indicating severe brain damage.<ref name="Idro ">{{cite journal | last =Idro | first =R | authorlink = | coauthors =Otieno G, White S, Kahindi A, Fegan G, Ogutu B, Mithwani S, Maitland K, Neville BG, Newton CR | title = Decorticate, decerebrate and opisthotonic posturing and seizures in Kenyan children with cerebral malaria| journal =Malaria Journal | volume =4 | issue =57 | pages = | publisher = | date = | url =http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16336645 | doi = | id =PMID 16336645 | accessdate =2007-01-21 }} </ref> | * For reasons that are poorly understood, but which may be related to high [[intracranial pressure]], children with malaria frequently exhibit [[abnormal posturing]], a sign indicating severe brain damage.<ref name="Idro ">{{cite journal | last =Idro | first =R | authorlink = | coauthors =Otieno G, White S, Kahindi A, Fegan G, Ogutu B, Mithwani S, Maitland K, Neville BG, Newton CR | title = Decorticate, decerebrate and opisthotonic posturing and seizures in Kenyan children with cerebral malaria| journal =Malaria Journal | volume =4 | issue =57 | pages = | publisher = | date = | url =http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16336645 | doi = | id =PMID 16336645 | accessdate =2007-01-21 }} </ref> | ||
* Malaria has been found to cause cognitive impairments, especially in children. It causes widespread [[anemia]] during a period of rapid brain development and also direct brain damage. This neurologic damage results from cerebral malaria to which children are more vulnerable.<ref>Boivin, M.J., "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12394524&dopt=Citation Effects of early cerebral malaria on cognitive ability in Senegalese children]," ''Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics'' 23, no. 5 (October 2002): 353–64. Holding, P.A. and Snow, R.W., "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11425179&dopt=Citation Impact of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on performance and learning: review of the evidence]," ''American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene'' 64, suppl. nos. 1–2 (January–February 2001): 68–75.</ref> | * Malaria has been found to cause cognitive impairments, especially in children. It causes widespread [[anemia]] during a period of rapid brain development and also direct brain damage. This neurologic damage results from cerebral malaria to which children are more vulnerable.<ref>Boivin, M.J., "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12394524&dopt=Citation Effects of early cerebral malaria on cognitive ability in Senegalese children]," ''Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics'' 23, no. 5 (October 2002): 353–64. Holding, P.A. and Snow, R.W., "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11425179&dopt=Citation Impact of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on performance and learning: review of the evidence]," ''American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene'' 64, suppl. nos. 1–2 (January–February 2001): 68–75.</ref> | ||
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Revision as of 15:28, 24 July 2014
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Malaria Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];
Overview
Malaria parasites are transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms that include symptoms of anemia (light headedness, shortness of breath, tachycardia etc.), as well as other general symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, flu-like illness, and in severe cases, coma and death.
History
Common Symptoms
- Fever
- Headache
- Weakness
- Night sweats
- Insomnia
- Joint pain
Less Common Symptoms
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal cramps